English Language and Linguistics Management

Question: Compare and contrast two related texts one spoken one written, using relative techniques of description and analysis. identify language choices that construe the the particular communicative purposesof the texts and social meanings they make., whats the contex where the texts are situated and the broader socio/cultural context? Answer: Introduction There is no introduction can be given to the English language. It is popular in most of the countries around the world as the simplest way to communicate and describe the feeling or convey a message to the other person. It is how you understand the meaning of a particular word or text properly and effectively. This is the way how extravagantly using your skills in the modern age and coping with the situation you are confronted. A comprehensive knowledge of the language makes you handle the typical situation. In this part there is a concern of the modern day English study comprehensively from every angle that is in both descriptive and theoretical. Also there is comparing and contrasting of two related texts one spoken and one written using the relative techniques of description and analysis. Identifying the language choices that construe the particular communicative purposes of the texts and social meanings they make. What type of clauses, registers, lexical chains are present in spo ken and written texts. What context where the texts are situated and the broader socio/cultural context, Hallidayan SFL framework regarding Tokens, Mode and Field in each text, Pragmatics is missing (Grices maxims) in both texts, CDA (critical discourse analysis) framework for spoken language and a brief comment on the implication of the analysis of the texts for a pedagogic related context that is being experienced. Understanding the word formation and how it is being used at several place while communicating, raise the level of being a linguistic. Comparison and contrasting The comparison and contrasting between the written and the spoken English is quite difficult. But with the difference in the use of a particular word according to the area where it is being speaked and written can make a comprehensive comparison between them. As we talking about the today world there is no difference between it. The English language is more popular with the European people and it being used as the major source to communication while in the administrative work , conversation with each other and showing up the sentiments and the feeling of the inside of a man. The study on the English is always being an exciting topic to discuss because with the changing ages there is a drastic change in the verbal and communicative languages of the people. There are various kinds of challenges and controversies which were being faced and is still be facing. The challenges is being faced due to some phonological construction of the spoken language resist analysis. And it is controversi al because there are number of linguistics which are researching on certain project they do not recorganize the study of the spoken language as accredited. While contrasting between the written and spoken language there are certain aspects which were being analyzed and is an interesting part of the language mostly for the people who have a second language which is being used in their country is English. The characteristics and function of the spoken and written language an analyzed by the teachers as they see the difficulty being faced by the students while pronouncing the words properly, while writing them and understanding the meaning of the words properly. The students are somewhat enabled to speak the language as fluently as their native language. Understanding the gap which created the difference make them to reach the result. With the time change, now there are certain ways people can get into the knowledge of a particular language which they want to speak. Like the radios are available, television, internet, mobiles etc. which make people understand the correct pronunciation of the words and there while communication. The strong desire of understand the things will increase the efficiency of written and verbal English. Relative techniques of description and analyses It is interesting to know that the people with second language as English has researched more in understanding the language. Most of the analyzers are non- standard analyzers. Linguistics have done certain advancement with the time in the language as they have changed some of the grammatical portion of the written texts. Now to make analyses of anything it should be clear that kind of text which is being analyzed and what kind of technics will be used to shows its characteristics. The most fundamental fact of this is that the boundaries are not known under which can divide the spoken language from that of written language. There are certain relative techniques which has been used to provide description and analyses of the spoken and written language. These techniques and genres are: - conversation, news, radio, broadcasts of different things and different kind of academic texts that are being used. But now these are not use to analyze the facts, with the changing time and exposure to the new technologies and different understandings of the people who are analyzing the facts about it, the techniques are changed. There are two corpuses which classify academic text in a different manner that are: - The International corpus of English (ICE) and The British national corpus (BNC) ICE: - writing the texts informational printed informational learned (human social science and natural human science technology). BNC: - written texts academic prose (humanities/arts, medicines, natural sciences, politics/ laws/ education/ social and behavioral sciences, technology/ engineering. According to these above mentioned corpus the written texts is being explained. There are certain registers and sub registers are there in which the spoken and written texts are explained. The analyses by the linguistics done for the languages are now a days explained according to these registers and sub registers. As ICE has much more effective way to express the written conversation. This corpus takes consideration of the natural and human social context. The explanation of certain facts and articles is much clearer because at every step the psychology of the person always taken into account. Spoken and written registers The spoken and written registers are basically different in their nature and characteristics. Lets talk about spoken registers, while the verbal communication is going on there is no pre-planned and pre-selective set words for particular kind of situation that occur at certain point of time. The words get into shape in the way that strikes into the mind of the speaker. This is the situation when face-to face conversation between the people is going on. With the change in the era, the spoken words selections have taken different shapes. But sometimes what happens is that the speaker unable to clarify his/ her perspective about particular thing or situation about which he wants to tell, this happens due to the lack of certain communication skills and the confidence level of what he will going to explain will be right or wrong. Under this condition the listener want more clarification about the facts. The expressional way of telling the things will make your point of view clearer to the listener; this shows your effectiveness in the communication. On the other hand the written registers have different perspective. While writing you cannot show your emotions facially but the art of written communication make your point clear to the reader. But sometimes the reader unable to understand the things what the writer want to convey the message. So these perspectives are analyzed under different dimensions, which come to existence after effective research of linguistics about spoken and written language. Since there is difference in the feature so spoken and written registers, there are certain written registers like fiction have many similar features as the spoken registers. In the fiction genre, the literature which is being shown and discussed fully based on the imagination of the writer. While taking into account of the imagination in spoken registers, the words chosen for speaking for certain imaginative thing or situation have the same impact as the fiction. Similar ly some of the spoken registers have their features similar to the written registers. The spoken register like group discussion has some of the features similar to the written registers. This analysis was done by Biber (1988) which reach to the conclusion by using different tests and factors analysis to understand which of the linguistic construction incline to occur in two corpora are the London- Lund corpus of British English and the london-oslo-berga (LOB) corpus of written British English. The biber has analyzed the spoken and written registers and have found that there are six textual dimensions in which they are discussed: Dimension 1:- Informational production vs. involved. Dimension 3: - Situation vs. Explicit dependent reference. Dimension 5: -Non- Abstract vs. Abstract information. The dimension 1 discussed about the involment of the speaker in face to face conversation with the other person and the information which he/she wants to convey to the listener should be clear and precise whether it is written or spoken. Dimension 3 shows the explicit vs. situation dependent reference that mean the writer will describe things clearly so that there should be no space for confusion and setting out the entire situation in detail to the reader or listener. And dimension 5 will show the abstract vs. non- abstract information that is about the thoughts which the writer have in his find and showing that thought in a clearer way to the listener or the reader. The registers which are associated with the texts used to show the illustrative information about any letters which are professional, press reviews, documents which are official and any other academic text. Comparing and contrasting spoken and written texts After discussing the difference between the written and the spoken registers, there is an important function to compare and contrast the two texts that are spoken texts and written texts. This is the comparison of spoken texts and written texts from different point of view like on the basis of genre or registers, lexicon chains etc. The spoken texts is about the interview conversation between the Princess of Whales and Martin Bashir which is regarding her experience to get married in a royal family and the written texts about lady Dianas adultery relationship with her riding instructor James Hewitt in 1995. The analyses of these texts are done from different perspectives. Clauses: - There are different kinds of clauses that are present in the language. These are as follows:- Spoken language The Panorama Interview This is a transcript of the BBC1 Panorama interview with the Princess of Wales, broadcast in November 1995 MARTIN BASHIR: Your Royal Highness, how prepared were you for the pressures that came with marrying into the Royal Family?(Interrogative clause) How prepared were you - is the interrogative clause(dependent clause) which is further connected to the independent clause pressures that came with marrying into the royal family it consists of Pressures is adjective clause, came is the verb, marrying is the subject royal family is the object. DIANA: At the age of 19, you always think you're prepared for everything, and you think you have the knowledge of what's coming ahead. But although I was daunted at the prospect at the time, I felt I had the support of my husband-to-be.( standard declarative sv- clause, verb clause)you always think youre prepared for everything, in this you is a adverb clause, always is adjective, prepared is the verb modified by the adjective clause, you think you have the knowledge this is the independent clause consists of think as verb, knowledge is object, modified with adjective clause what to verb coming ahead. But although is the subordinate clause, daunted is the verb, prospect is the subject. I felt I had the support of my husband is the independent clause consists of felt as verb, support is the subject and husband is the object. Lexical chains:- Prepared knowledge prospect support Lexical density:- Lexical density = the no. of lexical items100 or the no. of lexical items The total word no. of clauses Lexical density = 40% or 0.66 BASHIR: What were the expectations that you had for married life?(interrogative clause) what were the expectation is the interrogative cause which with the help of that adjective clause connected with independent clause you had for married life. Lexical chains:- No lexical chain is present in this sentence. DIANA: I think like any marriage, specially when you've had divorced parents like myself, you'd want to try even harder to make it work and you don't want to fall back into a pattern that you've seen happen in your own family.(standard declarative sv- clause) when you've had divorced parents like myself it consist of when which is the adverb clause youve had is the verb clause modify the text. After this the text is the independent clause you'd want to try even harder to make it work and you don't want to fall back into a pattern that you've seen happen in your own family. Lexical chains:- Marriage - divorced "I want to reassure all those people who have loved me and supported me throughout the last 15 years that I'd never let them down."( relative clause) I want to reassure all those people who loved me it is a independent clause consist of who as a relative clause and the other portion and supported throughout the last 15 years that I'd never let them down is the independent clause consist of that as the adjective clause, that means the dependent clause is present in the text. Lexical chain:- Reassure love - support. I desperately wanted it to work, I desperately loved my husband and I wanted to share everything together, and I thought that we were a very good team.(standard declarative sv- clause) Lexical chains:- Wanted loved share together team. BASHIR: How aware were you of the significance of what had happened to you? After all, you'd become Princess of Wales, ultimately with a view to becoming Queen.( interrogative clause, standard declarative sv- clause) DIANA: I wasn't daunted, and am not daunted by the responsibilities that that role creates. It was a challenge, it is a challenge. (standard declarative sv- clause) Lexical chains:- Daunted responsibilities challenge As for becoming Queen, it's, it was never at the forefront of my mind when I married my husband: it was a long way off that thought. The most daunting aspect was the media attention, because my husband and I, we were told when we got engaged that the media would go quietly, and it didn't; and then when we were married they said it would go quietly and it didn't; and then it started to focus very much on me, and I seemed to be on the front of a newspaper every single day, which is an isolating experience, and the higher the media put you, place you, is the bigger the drop. And I was very aware of that. written1995: Diana admits adultery in TV interview Diana, Princess of Wales, has spoken openly for the first time about her separation from the Prince of Wales in a frank interview for the BBC's Panorama programme.( dependent clause) During her hour-long conversation with BBC reporter Martin Bashir, she admitted to an adulterous affair with her riding instructor, James Hewitt.( dependent clause) In this text the line she admitted to an adulterous affair with her riding instructor is a dependent clause. In this text the word admitted is a verb clause and affair is a noun and riding instructor is subject. This means that the sentence consists of verb. Noun and subject but still is not independent clause. She also described her hurt at her husband's relationship with long-term friend Camilla Parker-Bowles, but said she did not want to divorce.(verb clause) In this text these is sense of declarative clause because the text She also described her hurt at her husband's relationship with long-term friend Camilla Parker-Bowles showing the proofs that she is quite sure of it. And the other part but said she did not want to divorce is a dependent clause on the first part. The use of verb clause described, relationship is the subject and friend is the object. The Princess spoke freely about her depression and bulimia, her children, the media and the future of the monarchy.( independent clause) in this text there is no use of any subject and noun, she was talking freely about the things that happened to her and her children, so it is an independent clause according to the rules. Unfaithful When Mr Bashir asked her about her relationship with Mr Hewitt, who had claimed to have had an affair with her, she admitted her relationship did go beyond a close friendship.( dependent clause, relative clause) In this text, asked her about her relationship giving the sense of interrogative clause and who is the adjective clause had claimed is the verb clause and the part she admitted her relationship did go beyond a close friendship is the declarative clause. Lexical chains:- Asked claimed admitted. "Were you unfaithful?" asked Mr Bashir.( interrogative clause) "Yes," answered the Princess. "I was in love with him. But I was very let down." The word yes give full proof of declarative clause and "I was in love with him. But I was very let down."This shows the confirmative clause and dependent clause because the relative sense of the word but makes the other part dependent. In June last year, Prince Charles admitted he had also had an affair with Mrs Parker-Bowles in a similarly frank interview with the BBC's Jonathan Dimbleby. (verb clause) In this text, Prince Charles admitted he had also had an affair with Mrs Parker-Bowles is declarative clause and verbs are used in the sentence. The Princess spoke of her hurt over the affair, saying, "There were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded.(declarative clause) In this written communication text, there is sense of declaration of the situation in which There were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded. Is the declarative clause. Lexical chains:- Affair - marriage crowded. "Friends of my husband's were indicating that I was unstable, sick and should be put in a home of some sort to get better so I wouldn't be an embarrassment." Lexical chains:- Unstable sick better. 'Queen of hearts' She also said she did not think she would ever be Queen. "I'd like to be a queen of people's hearts, in people's hearts, but I don't see myself being Queen of this country," she said. "I don't think many people will want me to be Queen." The one-hour interview was watched by an estimated 15 million people, a record for the programme and one of the BBC's highest-ever audience figures. Lexical chains:- Watched programme audience. The Princess's decision to go public has been highly controversial. Lexical chains:- Decision controversial. The BBC chairman, Marmaduke Hussey, is reported to be extremely unhappy that senior executives did not tell him about the programme in advance. Lord Wakeham, chairman of the Press Complaints Commission, has also warned that the princess would only have herself to blame if she triggered a tabloid onslaught on her private life. Buckingham Palace has confirmed Geoff Crawford, the Princess's press adviser, is to step down in the wake of her decision to speak to the BBC without informing him or the Queen. Registers: - The registers in the texts are formal and informal words that are being pronounced while speaking. This is the variation in the language while speaking and writing. Like if we take the example of formal words like dad, girl, friend etc. and informal words like didnt, aint, shouldnt etc. Now comparing these registers on the basis of spoken communication between lady Diana and Martin Bashir we have seen various formal and informal words that are being used that are showed with the help of some dialogues below:- Dialogues Formal registers Informal registers Spoken:- 1st martin bashir Royal, pressures, marrying family Diana Age, everything, knowledge, prospect, daunted husband Youre, whats 2nd martin bashir Expectations, life Diana Marriage, myself, work, pattern, happen, reassure, everything, team Youve, youd, dont, Id 3rd martin bashir Aware, princess, wales, becoming, queen Youd Diana Challenge, becoming, forefront, attention, focus, isolating, aware Wasnt, its, didnt CDA (critical discourse analysis) framework for spoken language The critical discourse analysis is used to make understand and interest of the social issues that is discussed in the texts. It increases the understanding of the used language, its interdisciplinary work that is constituted and transmitted through texts. Like as we take the example of the above said conversations between Martin Bashir and the lady Diana, in the spoken texts, the questions were asked about being married in a royal family and how is feeling. In respect to that lady Diana answered the questions accordingly. We have analyzed the clauses, registers and the lexical chains present in the texts. The analyses of the texts using critical discourse analysis we get to know about the complexity of the sentences that is being used to question and answered it. Lady Diana was showing her feelings to get married in a royal family and her love towards the prince. This shows the social effect on the media which is covering it and the main thing was, the way people are grasping that co nversation. This is the analysis done with the help of CDA. Hallidayans systematic functional linguistics (SFL) framework The analysis of the two texts on the basis of hallidyans systematic function linguistics (SFL) is a linguistic theory that concerned with the effect of culture and society in which the language is being used. According to the linguistics, it is the multidimensional semiotic system. The semiotic system consists of three interrelated metafunction, these are:- The textual The interpersonal The ideational Analysis of the spoken texts:- While analysis the spoken texts there always the consideration of the interpersonal metafunction as it is used when there is a medium of interaction or expressing attitudes. Like in the above given spoken text, the communication between lady Diana and martin Bashir is the interpersonal metafunction as they verbally interacting with each other for the interview. The words exchanged where on the experiences which lady Diana has when she is about to getting married in a royal family, her attitudes towards the situation and the life changing events and the circumstances which she faced while getting involved in relationship which the prince of whales. This is the use of ideational metafunction in the spoken language. Analysis of the written texts:- In the analysis of the written texts the hallidayan SFL semiotic system says that the metafunction which is applicable in this context is the textual metafunction because it is dealing with the written texts about the interview of Lady Diana and martin Bashir about her adulterated relationship with her riding instructor. This texts consists of all the three metafunction because the it is the interpersonal interaction of an anchor with a prestigious clink on TV and it is shown in the written text which brings the textual metafunction and the last but not the least the use of ideation metafunction because in this written text it is shown that how the life of lady Diana and prince whales takes different outturns which caused them to lose their relationship with each other. The effect of the conversation of media person with the royal people makes them show, what were the drastic changes in their lives that were experienced by them during certain relationships with the other affected peo ple according to the contexts. Pragmatics (Grices maxims) in both texts According to the maxims introduced by Paul Grice, it is the analysis of both texts on the basis of how the words have uttered and used to show the reactions according to the situation. This analysis is compiled up in the four principles of the Grice maxims which is known as the maxims of conversation. These four maxims are:- Maxims of quality Maxims of quantity Maxims of relation Maxims of manner In all of the above grices maxims, the main notion is the maxims of manner as it shows the way that how orderly the words have been used while communicating with the other people. It shows the speakers state of mind that what he or she wants to convey the message to the listener. This maxim is the cornerstone of the Grices approach to linguistic pragmatics. Analysis of spoken texts: - During the conversation between martin Bashir and Lady Diana, there was certain questions have been asked what lady Diana have answered those questions in much mannered way that it conveys the proper message to the listener with evidence and there was no utterance of any non relevant information. And after studying and listening all the information which she shared it shows that all the 4 maxims are present in the contexts. This can be shown as the Martin Bashir have used the words your royal highness in the conversation and the answered given by lady Diana was much specific according to the questions. If we take the example of the first question that was Royal Highness, how prepared were you for the pressures that came with marrying into the Royal Family? and in return the answer of lady Diana was At the age of 19, you always think you're prepared for everything, and you think you have the knowledge of what's coming ahead. But although I was daunted at the prospect at the time, I fe lt I had the support of my husband-to-be this answer shows that how specific the answer was and how effective it was for the listeners to get the right message of the text. Analysis of written texts:- After analyzing the above texts it can be understandable that all the four maxims where not followed because of some very personal communication was going on and some hesitations were there to answer those questions. But the message which conversation want to give was very clear to the people like if we take the example of the confession of lady Diana about her adulterous relationship with her instructor James Hewitt and what were effects which force her to do this like the shock of knowing that her husband was having relationship with the other women Camilla parker Bowles. There were certain contexts like using the words I dont want to be the princess of people, I just want to be the princess of hearts this text make no sense in this contexts hence it is the violation of Grices Maxim (Maxim of relation) and rest of the three maxims of quality, quantity and manner is followed up in this text. Pedagogical implications in TESOL The spoken and written texts have the main purpose to convey the exact message what the speaker or the writer want to give to the listener or the reader. TESOL stands for Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages, it the way of teaching by using the right principles and methods of instruction so that the learner will should get the things what is being said by the speaker. In the present condition, it is the TV interview of Lady Diana and Martin Bashir which have different impact on the people who were listening it. According to the teachers point of view, the student of different language speaker should have their own understanding about the facts which is to be represented. The pedagogical implications according to this can be done by assuming the following assumptions (Dà ¡Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å¾rnyei(2001)):- There is needed to be developing reasonable criteria which will help in developing the informed understanding about the exact nature of the language gaining of second language. By using the different strategies the student should be made aware of the facts of the second or the foreign language basics that it can be understandable in many different ways. It is very important for the learner to develop his own methods and techniques which will make him understand the language which is needed to be learned. These implications sound like the pedagogical implication of the teacher to make the people understand the language. This how we get to know what is the exact message which the speaker wants to give to the speakers. It is the understanding of the written and the spoken texts comprehensively. Without this there should no basic understanding what is the exact meaning of the text. This is quite important to understand the pedagogic implication of the text in TESOL. Language choices and their social meanings The choice of the language by the speaker should be so proper to convey the actual message to the listener so that he could understand the things what the speaker wants to say. As there are different ethnic origins of people are living around the world. The technology has bring them closer with just a click of button of mouse which means that you get in touch with anyone in the world by simple means of internet. The barrier in the communication occur when the message the speaker want to describe to the listener is not clear and to make the message more clear you need the proper skills to speak and write in a proper way and the language in which the listener understand. This is quite a difficult thing because in the situation when the listener do not understand the language of the speaker i.e the speaker and listener both belong to different origins and do not know about the mother tongue or native language then the most effective tool to convey the message is to use the language whic h is understandable to both of them. The linguistics at their work places, with the effort and analysis from years come to the compilation of different word dictionaries and in every language. With the help of these dictionaries people are now able to communicate with the people of any origin. Linguistics are the people who understand the native language, it means to say is by using proper skills they try to understand and analyze what kind of words which are being used for conveying the information, how it is being pronounced and understood by the people who are listening and reading it. The proper level of words usage according to the situation will show that the speaker have the right communication skills. The spoken and the written words usage depend on the language which is being used that means whether its a native language or any other language which can be easily understood. Like if we take the example of a married man and his wife want to go out with him for movie but this all depend on the kind of history they have as a married couple, what kind of chemistry they have and how they understand the spoken words and sentiments proper so they can award themselves with each other companionship. The social understanding of things which are being said can be done by analyzing and getting the proper meaning of each and every word properly (i.e the lexical semantics). Knowing the proper meaning of the words will make it use for the external entities in the world properly. There is need to understand the whole social context in which the texts is being uttered and also getting practical knowledge of various level of interpretation. The pragmatics of the fundamental of the written and spoken English can be done by using it at different situation where ever need. The exploring of different kind of things will get to know about the linguistics research about the subject that how far we could able to understand the concept of the written and verbal or spoken language. The social impact of the words which are used while communication shows how effective you are in the conversation and how clearly you show your ideas to the other person in written and spoken language. Like we take the example of the social context can you please give a cup of water? This question shows the social context that how polite and elegant way you ask for something. This proper reply for thins question will be in the form of yes/no. likewise there is no place for confusion in the social context as the message should clear to the listener and speaker. In the social context there is a large space for the unplanned spoken words that are the word which can be presumed by the person who is interacting with the particular situation. The utterance of the unplanned words changes with the situation that is confronted. Selection of the words also depends on the situation, the effective use of the skills to convey the message is effectively judged by facing these kinds of situations. The grammatical aspect of the context used under social condition is the most important aspect because this makes us to convey the proper message to the listener or the reader who are interacting. Linguistics always stress upon these kind of situations that is because the people in the whole social interact with each mostly no because they want to share their feelings but to get the companionship of people. The people need your presence around them that someone is there with me. Pedagogic things can be understood by deep understanding of these kinds of practica l situations. The proper selection of the words by concerning the social environment around the person will make him a person with perfection. The social interaction in not only when you meet someone face to face but it can be written conversations like email messages, text messages etc. in the verbal communication the people can show there feeling by using the facial expressions but in the written communication there is always a need to use the proper word and the expressive way of writing the things. The written communication is not the face to face communication where the people have less time to think about the proper word usage but while writing the writer has much more time to write bout and can make effective selection of words to show the confusion less text. Broader social/ cultural context The broader view of the socio cultural context which provides the knowledge of the kind o0f language that is being used while doing conversation which is further very deeply linked with society and culture. Other way it means that using of the particular kind of language which is being used in a particular kind of socio/cultural context will need to be taken into consideration. As there are different kind of socio/cultural context which is being experienced it is explained with the help of an example that is given below: - It contains the aspiration, confidence and permission etc in the environment of the enterprises. There is a woman in an organization that has the strong ability, skills and experience. She is living in a socio/cultural environment and has the idea with the market have proper resources to lead an organization. She understands every aspects of each and every step that will need to be taken to make the organization and one of the leading organizations of the country. Every single thing is available to her to make the organization better. The main motive of showing this example is that a person who has every single thing which is needed to be a perfectly socio/cultural balanced person can change the things in a positive way. The language which is being used to communicate should be every clear so that it may not have any sense of negativity or confusion in it. The grammatical aspects always are concerned while spoken and written contexts. Conclusion While considering all of the above said facts, I come to the conclusion that the written and spoken English language should be used very properly. The linguistics being the analyzers of the socio/cultural aspects, even the grammatical portion and the proper selection of the words should be suggested. Conceptual and deep understanding of the phenomenon of the written and spoken language will encourage the people who are not native to English language will start speaking it as their native language. As the small children always adopt the spoken language quickly from the basic because they keep on hearing it from their parents and when they grow up then start reading and practice it by writing. So from all this we get to know that linguistics play an important to understand the basic of any language from the base. They show the proper context of the language that how it is being used at a particular situation and particular selection of words with the situation. 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Cornbleet (2001). The Language of Speech and Writing. London: Routledge.21) Chambers, J. K. (2003). Sociolinguistic Theory, 2nd edn. Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.22) Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton. (Reprinted in 2002 by Walter de Gruyter, Inc.) 23) (1959). A review of B. F. Skinners verbal behavior. Language, 35: 2658.24) Clemetson, L. (2007). The racial politics of speaking well. New York Times. February 4. Section 4, pp. 1 and 4.25) Comrie, B. (1989). Language Typology and Language Universals, 2nd edn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.26) (1990). Russian. In B. Comri e (ed.), The Worlds Major Languages (pp. 32947). New York: Oxford.27) Croft, W. (2000). Explaining Language Change: An Evolutionary Approach. Harlow, England: Longman.28) Croft, W. and D. Cruse (2004). Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.29) Cruse, D. (1986). Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.30) (2004). Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics, 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.31) Crystal, D. (2000). Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.32) (2003). English as a Global Language, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Walden Chapter 8 Essay Example For Students

Walden Chapter 8 Essay 3/29/04English 11 HPeriod 1This chapter from Walden, titled The Village, one of the most striking features is the way Thoreau uses animal imagery to describe the townspeople. He compares the villagers he says to birds, squirrels, and even prairie dogs. He says that he would often view these people the same way as if he was taking in the sights of nature. The village was its own environment with its own unique details and facets just like the forest. He compares the way that the men and women of the village gossip to one another to the way prairie dogs congregate together in their burrows. These animal imagery all serve to dispel the notion that humans are of a higher order than animals, and reinforce the idea that most people are in slumber and reveal only the animalistic, coarse aspects of themselves.A story written by Washington Irving relates to this chapter in its imagery of prairie dogs to characterize people. Washington Irvings story is a satire that uses comparisons to prairie dogs to reveal mans frivolity and hubris. Both stories use prairie dogs to characterize man, especially their tendency to gossip with one another. Using animal imagery often helps convey an idea because it simplifies the characters so that most people will understand the idea. This is best exemplified with Animal Farm by George Orwell in his satire on the Russian Revolution. By using animals, he could associate distinct characters to certain animals in an easy to understand way. Both Washington Irving and Thoreau also used this literary device for the same reason in their works.

How to Compare Contrast When Writing an Essay

How to Compare Contrast When Writing an EssayYou need to know how to compare contrast when writing an essay. There are many ways to write an essay, but only a few that will stand out above the rest. The first two methods - the order and summary, are often taught to new students in high school.There is no magic or secret that you can use to achieve this. It just comes naturally to anyone who writes. Each writer uses the method they feel most comfortable with. When writing an essay it is very easy to get caught up in the prose. You spend so much time on the style and the ideas that you can forget to pay attention to the details.There are two different kinds of detail: factual and stylistic. Factual detail refers to the things that are actually going on in the text, where as stylistic detail is the choices you make about how the ideas are expressed. These two aspects can be related to each other if the detail relates to the topic of the essay.One way essay compare contrast. You write a paragraph that describes one aspect of the topic. In this paragraph you describe the details of what happened and the outcome of that action.Then you summarize the paragraphs that follow and summarize the paragraph after that. The detail from the previous paragraph goes into the first paragraph. Then you summarize the second paragraph and the paragraph after that. If the paragraph is repeated, then you summarize all of the paragraphs that follow. Continue alternating between these techniques until you have done all of the paragraphs, which should be about four.Many students will read this paragraph and think, 'This sentence is too long, it needs to be shorter.' But this is where they should start to compare contrast. It will help themto make sense of the essay.Once you have written out all of the paragraphs, you are ready to write an essay that really compares contrast. You want to write an essay that doesn't sound like someone else wrote it. You want to sound natural and have a ton e that is unique.You should have great English skills. If you don't, that's OK too. You just need to be able to use some basic techniques for writing an essay.

Last Night I Dreamed of Peace book

Dang Thuy Tram’s masterpiece Last Night I Dreamed of Peace is a captivating informative chef-d’oeuvre that demonstrates the author’s love for her country based on the sorrowful situation that the country is undergoing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Last Night I Dreamed of Peace book specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As young as 23 years, she associates with the communists’ party in her quest to ensure that the Vietnamese people do not encounter the same situation (National Library Board Para. 3). Love and idealism, as well as the sense of shared humanity, all of which form part of today famous subjects, are crucial lessons with roots in Tram’s work. Tram makes the decision to go to South Vietnam because of her love and youthful idealism that she has for her kindred. Despite the deadly circumstances and appalling conditions that her patients undergo, she opts to make the dreadfu l decision. In spite of the fatal situation, she vows to sacrifice her own life to secure the lives of the patients who have faced attacks and injuries from the American soldiers. Her idealistic nature also plays a vital role in her decision to move to the South of Vietnam. She wishes to see her country in peace despite her age. She aligns herself with the communist party. It proves a tremendously difficult and trying time especially when the war rages on, kills, and destroys people without valid reasons. In fact, referring to the war, Tram says, â€Å"it spares no one, not a baby or an old woman, and the most hideous thing about it is the bloodthirsty Americans† (149). Therefore, Tram makes the choice of moving to South Vietnam to extend her hand in saving the lives of those injured. She also makes her decision to move to South Vietnam because of her spirited heart of humanity, love, longing for the end of the war and the sufferings subjected to the citizens of Vietnam. Her compassion and wish to see the war end also makes her risk her own life to go to the South of Vietnam. She wishes that the war and the fighting in South Vietnam ended to allow people to have their peace and unity. If Tram were alive to day, she would automatically qualify as one amongst the liberators and the heroes of Vietnam history, who assertively sacrificed, not only their time, money, and relationships, but also their own selves solely to cultivate freedom to the Vietnamese citizens. Though dead, Tram speaks volumes and volumes through the marks she left to the people of Vietnam. She has contributed significantly towards the making of the country’s history, as it stands today. It seems quite unfortunate that she succumbed to death at that tender age. Tram stands out as a liberator who, from the evidence of her diary and documentation, shows that she had a vision and a passionate concern to her country.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's se e if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, she is worth acknowledging based on her thought and wish for an end of the inhumanity and brutalities that people of Vietnam were facing. It proves rather sad as Tram expresses her sympathy and concerns by noting that the people of Vietnam remain subjected to invalid pains and sufferings despite their innocence. Therefore, Tram passes for a hero. If she could be alive, she could have gone in the records for understanding and having the courage to liberate the people of Vietnam from the unnecessary pains and killings (Guthrie Para. 3). She refers the Americans people to as merciless and thirsty of other people’s blood, descriptions that she notes bitterly and with sorrow. Therefore, in no doubt, Tram stands out as a true hero. Vietnamese people who enjoy the freedom of today remember and appreciate Tram’s tireless works by acknowledging the cost attached therein. It cost the lives o f protagonists such as Tram. Works Cited Guthrie, John. Last Night I Dream of Peace by Dang Thuy Tram, 2007. Web. National Library Board. Last Night I Dream of Peace: The Diary of Dang Thuy Tram,  2008. Web. Tram, Thuy. Last Night I Dream of Peace. New York: Random House, 2008. Print. This essay on Last Night I Dreamed of Peace book was written and submitted by user Paityn Cantu to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Something We Dont Have free essay sample

We don’t relies what we have; were to focused on the big bad and scary to see what’s right in front of us and what we have. We focus on the bad and not the good; life is to short; to sit around waiting for something to happen; If we want something of the world we have to make it ourselves. I seem to come back to this thought; why do the commercials of third world countries describe them as sad; lost; hopeless peoples. The way I see it is that is not so; just because you have to work harder doesn’t mean you can’t be happy; infect I’m almost sure that these people are happier. They have the things that really matter friends and family; thin about the world we live in what makes you most happy? The possessions we have? Computers and TV’s and all these things those are worthless in the big scheme of things; my happiest times were with family and friends; down at my cabin doing nothing but lounge and have time with them. We will write a custom essay sample on Something We Dont Have or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Doing things I love to do; learn and read and write and go for hikes and go swimming. All I need is paper a pencil a pair of shoes and the clothing on my back; is the world really that hard no it’s so simple and we take it for granted. We take for granted the people we love; we take for granted the clothing on our backs; the shoes on our feet; we take for granted our leisure times and the things we have that we don’t need and don’t deserve. Why do I deserve the things that others don’t have; the things that people better than me don’t have? Some of my best memories are from meeting new people volunteering giving back; trying to be the best person I can be; to help people; fight for what is right and what is just fight for equality and fight for justice. It is my believe that everyone is equal then why don’t we get treated that way weather we live in Canada or India; weather we live in china’s farmland where people starve and die; or w eather we live in Jamaica’s beautiful land living in a tent with computer and nice clothing but in a tent because of the tsunami season. Weather someone is fighting for their rights in Russia or there life in Iraq; we are people; just people; all human; we make mistakes and live and suffer and no one is better than anyone. We have more but do we deserve it; no. maybe we should stop for a moment and think of thanks for these things because we don’t deserve them more than anyone else. We should give thanks to the people who took us hear and gave us the chances they have; we should think back and remember with fond memory even the worst of times because it could be worse. We should reflect and give thanks once a day; and relies how much we have; how easy it could be taken away. The world is not that big; not that bad; and it’s not that scary. You have the opportunity to change lives you have the straight to be strong on your own; each and every single one of us has what it takes; and we are fighters; warriors and we all have what it takes to be more than we are; if only we are fighting for what is right and if only we remember how small and gentle this world is; and to know that we can change the world. No matter if were 92 or only 10 and every age in between each of us came make a difference in the world; in our world.

Both on the job and beyond the workplace, PSU graduate business alumni

Both on the job and beyond the workplace, PSU graduate business alumni Both on the job and beyond the workplace, PSU graduate business alumni have long contributed to making the world a better place PSU and companies or organizations showing strong commitment Task PSU and companies or organizations showing strong commitment Introduction Alumni from PSU usually contribute to the society in different ways when intending to make the world a better place. As such, behaving in accordance with the norms of the society is one such strategy. In doing so, these graduates generally utilize their skills attained during studies in their respective areas. To strengthen their contribution to the society they normally associate themselves to a given alumni by striving to uphold the principles. Concurrently, companies have been collaborating with these graduates in promoting the society (Shook, 2010). For example, Microsoft Corporation usually incorporates graduates efforts when undertaking different roles in the society. In most cases, they introduce some of the skilled graduates from PSU into the corporate world by recruiting them to their association for the benefit of the society. However, Microsoft is not only striving to make the world, a better place at the workplace, but they are also doing so beyond the workplace (Shook, 2010). Another company that has promoted ethics that makes the world a better place in their operations is Apple Inc. The organization is reputable for uniting alumni from different institutions and then integrating their skills into their operations. Companies committed to making the world a better place Microsoft is a corporation that has shown commitment to making the globe a better place as evident in their handling of business affairs. The company has been recognized globally as an organization with the interest of the society at heart. Microsoft has not only concentrated in profit making, but they have also enhanced the development of societies (Jones, 2007). Their business recognizes ethics and practices that are expected of individuals from all over the globe regardless of their backgrounds. This is evident when Microsoft promotes honesty as one of their core values in business. In my own opinion, honesty is integral for success in any field that an individual or an organization focuses on. Besides, Microsoft embraces diversity by appreciating efforts of persons from dissimilar areas. They have shown commitment to their fair recruitment process of graduates from different institution into their organization. For example, recruiting qualified graduates from institutions such a s PSU provides an opportunity for businesses for tapping into individuals’ creativity. In addition to, improving the society, the company creates awareness amongst individuals in various ways such as educating them on how to use products that will make their lives better (Jones, 2007). Lastly, Microsoft’s innovation has targeted solving different societal problems such as enhancing real time communication. To me, this is the most advanced ethical way that a company can use in conducting business operations when intending to develop the society in which they belong. I believe that promoting corporate social responsibility (CSR) makes an organization succeed. Indeed, Microsoft Corporation has been responsible in doing this for years. As a company striving to lead globally, Microsoft Corporation has come up with strategies that help different members of the society in various ways (Shook, 2010). As such, the company has initiated community projects that promote the development of infrastructure in the places that they operate. In my own opinion, practices that show a concern for the environment and the society always make the world a better place. In advertising for their products, they usually consider the impacts that their products have to their consumers. Apple Inc is also a unique organization that allows for innovation in its operations. The company has collaborated with other institutions in conducting research for devising nouvelle ways of solving societal problems. Apple Inc is also unique by being considerate in offering products that serves their clients in different ways. For example, they consider consumers with challenges such as hearing capability when coming up with products for use by the disabled. Moreover, they sponsor institutions that enlighten the society in various ways that promote unity within the globe. Apple Inc’s mutual relationship with their employees and consumers has contributed to their recognition as a great world brand. The company has collaborated with institutions that promote the communities health wellness. Ethically, Apple Inc has been philanthropic by offering donations to various institutions that care for the society’s welfare, such as organization concerned with sustaining the environment. According to Shook (2010), certain principles makes Apple Inc outstand as an organization; their principles of originality in product development and their respect for diversity has enable the company tap into different potential from the graduate market, who have helped the company come up with different innovations. They come up with different packages for different individuals. Conclusion Organizations such as Microsoft and Apple Inc that embrace ethical practices will continue to lead other businesses globally based on various reasons. Their capability to tap into individuals’ potential when initiating graduates who will help them enhance innovation in their business is one such case. Their values recognize diversity and embraces innovation; thus, contributing to their success. To maintain this success, they have to continue embracing ethical business practices to avoid challenges that might arise in future. References Jones, E. (2007). The better world handbook: Small changes that make a big difference. Canada: New Society. Shook, R. L. (2010). Heart & soul: Five American companies that are making the world a better place. Dallas, TX: BenBella Books.

Pride and Prejedice character essays

Pride and Prejedice character essays In Jane Austin's novel, Pride and Prejudice, the character portrayed by Mr Darcy embodies many of the values, personality traits, manners, and attitudes that were considered admirable in the period in which novel was set. Initially, his character is decided as proud with a cold demeanour and had he not been rich, hardly worth being acquainted with. Elizabeth's re evaluation of his character later on in the novel, reveals the generosity, respect and dignity that the reader comes to know of Mr Darcy. By comparing Mr Darcy with a comic character such as Mr Collins the reader develops an awareness of the admirable qualities possessed by a man in the eighteenth century. Mr Collins is a self important, tiresome character in whom the reader feels no pity. His absurd attitudes towards love and life can not be likened to our own. Mr Darcy's cold manner is evident from the first dance where his strong face of pride disguises his character. His determination to be distant and unreproachable lost the good opinion of the Bennets when he considered it beneath himself to dance. "...at such an assembly as this, it would be insupportable...I am in no humour at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men." (p59) He was prejudice in his views of Elizabeth, as he believed it would be against his morals to be intimately acquainted with a woman of her status and low connections. He tries to shut out any possible feeling for her. "To this discovery came succeeded some others equally mortifying... he was forced to acknowledge her figure to be light and pleasing... her manners were not of the fashionable world, he was caught by their easy playfulness." (p70) The use of the words 'mortifying', 'forced' and 'caught' confirms to the reader that his positive comments were from his heart although h is reason and pride rejected the ideas. Through Jane Austin's use of direct and indirect ...