The Effects Of Hormones On The Human Body Essay - 985 Words

Introduction Prednisone is a corticosteroid that is synthetically manufactured from the steroid, cortisone, to be used as a medication.2 In the human body different steroids work to control many different functions. Metabolism, inflammation, immune function, salt and water balance, sexual characteristics and your ability to withstand the stress of illness and injury are all greatly affected by different levels and types of steroids present.7 Prednisone, being a synthetic version of cortisone, works by mimicking the effects of hormones produced naturally in the body in the human adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys.3 Naturally produced cortisone helps to regulate the body’s salt and water balance and reduces inflammation.7 When Prednisone is administered in dosage levels higher than the usual amount produced naturally in the body inflammation can become suppressed. The action of this suppression helps to reduce and treat the signs and symptoms characteristic of certain inflammatory conditions, such as asthma, severe allergies, arthritis and some skin conditions.3, 4 As Prednisone is a steroid medication, it has the ability to weaken the immune system, which greatly increases the risk of infection, or worsening an already present infection.11 Because of the potential complications and risks associated with the admission of Prednisone, it is important that great care is to be taken when it is prescribed to a patient. As there is no fixed rule as to how Prednisone isShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Hormone Therapies On Human Body And Will Further Explore Fatigue1420 Words   |  6 PagesTraditionally men are expected to be the stronger sex, the breadwinner, the hunter- gatherer, but when it comes to prosta te cancer men can feel powerless. Hormone therapies are used to chemically castrate men as a means of treating the cancer through more personalised medicine. However, when the cancer becomes refractory, Docetaxel is used as a first line chemotherapy to treat metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer in combination with Prednisolone. Mr. Smith (pseudonym) was diagnosedRead More Human Growth Hormone Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Growth Hormone Human growth hormone, a substance produced in the human body, is now being sold over the Internet. Companies are marketing the product as an anti-aging product. At the web-site, http://www.awakenhgh.com, the company claims that there is a possibility that one can stop the aging process. On the home page, they claim that the product can reduce fat and cellulite, increase energy and muscle tone, elevate mood, improve sexual performance and sleep, remove wrinkles, balanceRead MoreAcromegaly - Paper1501 Words   |  7 PagesI. Introduction The human body contains various structures and organs that allow regulations and maintenance of homeostasis. Foundation is built through the framework of the skeletal system, motion is possible due to the muscular system humans have and other body systems that allow humans to perform daily actions. All of this anatomical structures are possible due to the two main controlling system found in the body; the nervous system and endocrine system. The nervous system can be consideredRead MoreSigns and Symptoms of Gigantism Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pagesand effects to human life. For instance, gigantism which is an abnormal growth caused by the excess hormone growth at childhood before the bone plates closes. Though gigantism is rare, it is caused due to some factors among them; Noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland, Neurofibromatosis, McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS), Carney complex and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1(MEN-1). This abnormal growth occurs mainly before the closure of the bone growth plate. In any case the growth hormone occursRead MoreA Brief Note On The Aids And Its Effects On The Body1534 Words   |  7 PagesErgogenic aids are any foreign products taken by athletes to enhance their physical performance or endurance during physical exercise. Ergogenic aids are formulated to positively alter the physiological process in the body thus offering an advantage edge to the user. These aids may include drugs that enhance performance or even supplements formulated for sporting athletes and are divided into three categories including mental, physiological and mechanical factors (Liddle, 2013). Mechanical factorsRead MoreGrowth Hormone Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Growth Hormone (HGH) are these days available in supplement forms, according to many people they are called as well-being health supplement which is not so much different than what these supplements do. You can find HGH supplements in various retail health stores or pharmacies whic h some people thinks can be useful to improve overall health of an individual. Majority of people who uses HGH supplements in their diet are mainly due to the growth associated functions. As the production of GrowthRead MoreEssay about The Hazards of Milk1732 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious levels of diseases that the process of pasteurization does not filter, along with additive hormones that also effects cows that are treated with these hormones and all the while, there are people in the world that have little or no dairy intake that find calcium in places other than dairy and who are generally a more healthy people. What is in milk? Have you ever stopped to think? Growth hormones and pasteurization dramatically change milk for the worse. In milk there are natural componentsRead MoreThe Importance Of Creatine And Ergogenic Help : The Use Of Athletes1168 Words   |  5 Pagesperformance. Both creatine and steroids are known for being the most well known substances. Creatine is utilized as a part of the body to deliver energy, it blends with phosphate to make phosphocreatine or PC, when it brakes it produces energy that puts ADP and P back to together to create ATP, and ATP is the main sort of energy that is utilized as a part of the body. As indicated in the book, â€Å"Creatine supplementation appears to have ergo- genic benefits, particularly for improving performanceRead MoreEssay On Eating Away Your Endocrine System1740 Words   |  7 PagesYour Endocrine System In 1954, the FDA approved growth-stimulating hormones for use in the general public, creating an opportunity to make that dream an unsettling reality (FDA 1). Not only were these synthetic drugs encouraged as a supplement during human pregnancies, but for use in livestock as well (CDC 1). Aiding in the conversion of feed to fat in animals, dramatically increasing the rate of growth, artificial growth hormones seemed like the cattleman’s miracle elixir. However, in 1971, the FDARead MoreFeedlots Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pagesconfining cattle, are a number of detrimental effects and ethical issues, such as the number of hormones being introduced into the cattle’s diets. Hormones are chemical substances made by cells in one part of the body and released to regulate responses elsewhere in the body (Marcus, 2010). Produced by pituitary glands, growth hormones regulate body composition, body fluids, muscle and bone growth and sugar and fat metabolism. Within feedlots, grow th hormones are ingested by cattle in detrimental amounts

The Complex Relationship Between Multiculturalism and...

The Complex Relationship Between Multiculturalism and Feminism These days, it seems that multiculturalism is generally an assumed good. Increased acknowledgement of diversity and cultural sensitivity seem to be steps toward leveling the playing field for all human beings. And that is the goal of much scholarship and activism, right--to secure and ensure human rights across the board? That is one of global feminism’s aims, so it would seem that multiculturalism would help, not hinder, feminist work to better the situation of women. That is not necessarily the case. It may be helpful to first clarify what is meant by both feminism and multiculturalism. Though it is difficult to definitively state what is meant by these complex†¦show more content†¦There are many problems inherent in deciding which elements of a culture are to be legitimated by privileged protection. As Westerners, one limitation we have is our tendency to judge other cultural systems by our own standards, which are the only ones that we know. For example, if I choose to examine the aspects of another culture, my viewpoint can only be that of an American-born, English-speaking individual who has known no other system than liberal democracy. The language I speak, the governmental systems I am subject to, the values and mores of my region, and the influence of my family, among other factors, shape and have shaped my thinking process and my world view. Even if I were to move to another culture and assimilate, that would not change the fact that I was brought up a nativ e Westerner. I am not saying that my philosophical outlook would not change, because it invariably would; however, my thinking process would probably never be like that of a native member of that culture. Finding a way to understand a culture’s structure from without and at the same time judge it by its own internal standards is no easy task, but is necessary if the efforts of multiculturalism are to be more than tokenism. One of the problems that feminists see in multiculturalism is the fact that group rights or privileges often empower the patriarchal cultural systems that oppress women. Susan Moller Okin uses the ancient Greek and Roman heritage, andShow MoreRelatedWhile at first blush the protection of cultural diversity seems like a worthy cause to support for1500 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch deeper implications than the prima facie faà §ade multiculturalism suggests. Instead, there is a â€Å"deep and growing tension† (Okin,1999; p10) between the ideals of feminism and those concerned with the protection of cultural rights. This tension is exacerbated when the protection of those rights safeguards the continuation of practices such as female genital cutting (FGC) in the name of ‘culture’ and ‘tradition.’ Every culture is dynamic, complex, and rich in its own ways. However when cultures comeRead MoreMarxism, Feminism And The Works Of Max Weber1584 Words   |  7 PagesThe following essay is an attempt to explain and evaluate Marxism, Feminism and the works of Max Weber. I will also attempt to relate each of these different sociological explanations to contemporary society. According to Karl Marx (1818-1883) all the struggles of all societies throughout history are due to confrontations of power and exploitation. Marx believed that all societies had divisions of class and therefore inequality as a result of capitalism. He believed that capitalism would alwaysRead MoreEssay on Colonial Oppression of Women1123 Words   |  5 PagesColonial and Postcolonial debates along with the issues of Feminism have always been challenging discourses. The present day world with the constant cultural encounters and clashes as well as the ideas regarding pluralism and multiculturalism motivates a curiosity on the part of the onlooker to search the answer to the question who is who in todays world when there is a continuous struggle between different countries not only politically and militarily but also culturally. In this situation theRead MoreWomen s Work And The Gender Implications Of Australia1824 Words   |  8 Pageshave been traditionally considered ‘women ’s work’, such as Ballet, a team of Ballet dancers in Melbourne’s Southbank is composed by 30 males and 38 females. It is no surprise that the identities and statuses of young people in Australia are more complex contemporarily, unlike the past that young people may have the fixed role on the society and the gender implications in the workplace. According to the data from Australian Bureau of Statistics (2015), it showed that men make up about 10 per centRead MoreAustralian Films - Screening Responces3687 Words   |  15 Pageswas a household object. The movie marks the beginning of mass social and political change that was intensified by World War II. With countless men at war, Australian women were able to enter and overtake male roles in the workforce. As a result, Feminism was strengthening. Along with the Women’s movement into the workforce, Robert Menzie’s 16-year service as the Prime Minister created the ‘Menzies Era’, where great Australian change has said to be recorded. In such a conservative era, political andRead MoreIntertextual Analysis of Works of Art2998 Words   |  12 PagesPostmodern art is the representation of the return to pre-modern art styles and genres, and there is no longer a division between art, popular culture, and media. This philosophical term challenged and reacted against what modernism had to say, echoing dramatic changes in our social and economic features. Furthermore postmodern essays and critiques coincided with the arrival of contemporary art. Contemporary art is more socially conscious and philosophically all encompassing of several styles andRead More The Politics of Contemporary Approaches to Shakespeare Essay3166 Words   |  13 Pagespopulous at large revisited the topic of the widespread rejection of Western literature and thought by secular academia in favor of feminism and multiculturalism. The incident highlights the explosive politics of contemporary approaches to literature. Even a simple examination of two student-written articles on the Sakren case illustrates the deep divide between academically minded people. While a University of Arizona undergraduate described Sakren as determined to fight back against this currentRead MoreExample Research: Critical Discourse Analysis9514 Words   |  39 Pagesthe possibility of a value-free science, they argue that science, and especially scholarly discourse, are inherently part of and influenced by social structure, and produced in social interaction. Instead of denying or ignoring such a relation between scholarship and society, they plead that such relations be studied and accounted for in their own right, and that scholarly practices Critical Discourse Analysis 353 be based on such insights. Theory formation, description, and explanation, alsoRead MoreInfluence Of Western Customs Of Wedding Essay9329 Words   |  38 Pagesor occasions. In this study it refers to Muslim marriage ceremony. Customs: It refers to the arts, culture, habits, beliefs, values, behavior and material appreciation that constitute a people’s way of life. Marriage: It refers to the legal relationship between a husband and wife. Muslim: It refers to the follower of the Islamic religion. Wedding: It refers to a marriage ceremony and the party that usually follows it. In this study it means traditions and practices that relate to wedding ceremoniesRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesof the world’s human population for the first time in history. He gives considerable attention to changes in city planning, patterns of urban growth, and important differences between industrialized Europe and North America and the developing world, as well as the contrasts in urban design and living conditions between different sorts of political regimes— communist, capitalist, colonial, and fascist. Particularly revealing are Spodek’s discussions of the influence of prominent urban planners

Childhood Innocence is Everything in Catcher in the Rye by...

Everyone’s mother always told them that childhood innocence is the best thing in the world, but for Holden it is the world. When reading The Catcher in the Rye some people disdain Holden, because they think he’s cynical and immature, but really he is a representation of us all. Unlike other books, the protagonist isn’t someone you want to be friends with, it’s someone you realize you are. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is Holden’s chronicle of running away from his boarding school and living on his own in New York City. While there, he meets interesting people that he calls phony but in reality reflect characteristics of himself and the appalling qualities of the culture he lives in. At first he’s pessimistic towards everyone and†¦show more content†¦The Catcher in the Rye is about two Holdens, one who the story is happening to, and one who is looking back and telling the story. Throughout the book the first Holden evolves i nto the second and at the end he can feel vulnerable enough with the reader that he’s willing to open up about his true emotions. In the beginning it is too painful for him to directly refer to his past so he uses â€Å"you† instead of â€Å"I† to distance himself from it. For example when he describes his checker playing with Jane, â€Å"You never even worried, with Jane, whether your hand was sweaty or not. All you knew was, you were happy. You really were† (79). Similarly he uses the passive voice to distance himself when we says, â€Å"The reason I was standing way up on Thomsen Hill† (3). At the end of the book, in the carousel scene he isn’t distancing himself anymore from the past, he’s recalling the event and putting himself back there. He uses â€Å"I† this time when describing how happy he is, â€Å"I felt so damn happy all of sudden†¦I felt so damn happy† because it isn’t too painful (213). Holdenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s change is evident in how he thinks about the past, his personality changes from sorrow and regret to jaunty and jocular, in a way making his past seem better. Holden’s change is spurred by his need to fit in and his realization that he needs to grow up. The book is about a teenager’s hardships to find out who he is and what he really wants. It’s not until the carousel scene that he realizes that he noShow MoreRelatedThe Innocence of Childhood in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1262 Words   |  6 PagesGrowing up and becoming mature can be an intimidating experience; it is difficult to let go of one’s childhood and embrace the adult world. For some people, this transition from youthfulness to maturity can be much more difficult than for others. These people often try to hold on to their childhood as long as they can. Unfortunately, life is not so simple. One cannot spend their entire life running from the responsibilities and hardships of adulthood because they will eventually have to accept theRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Analysis1434 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican literature is full of classic novels co ntaining heroic protagonists; Holden Caulfield of The Catcher in the Rye is not one of these classic heroes. The article Some Crazy Cliff by Arthur Heiserman and James E. Miller Jr. provides one interpretation of the novel suggesting that the protagonist is unique compared to others commonly found in American literature; most heroes are seeking acceptance while Holden is seeking something within the society he is trying to leave. The novel follows HoldenRead MoreThe Catcher Of The Rye By F. Salinger1386 Words   |  6 PagesAs a â€Å"gateway drug for a generation of teenagers,† Jerome David Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is a world-renowned phenomenon (Teicholz). On the surface it highlights a teenager’s mentally challenging journey of painfully trying to transition into adulthood, while also wanting to reject the adult world and seek refuge in his idealistic childhood recollections. However, these ideas can be analyzed on a deeper level, not only t o better understand the protagonist, Holden Caulfield, but alsoRead MoreCatcher and the Rye Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesexciting novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger expresses the free will of choice. Salinger cleverly conveys how decisions can alter a person’s perspective of their peer. Holden Caulfield, the protagonist, is a young teenager who has emotional instability and behavioral concerns. Holden acts immaturely extensively throughout the book. Holden invents a world where adulthood is the emblem of superficiality and â€Å"phoniness†, while he chooses to convey childhood as a world of innocence. Holden’s observationRead MoreCatcher Rye And Perfect Day For Bananafish1562 Words   |  7 Pages The Catcher in The Rye and Perfect Day For Bananafish In â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†,by J.D Salinger, Holden Caulfield, a troubled 16 year old boy who constantly gets kicked out of every school takes it upon himself to become â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, in reality not being real occupation but an idea he chose to adopt for himself after he heard a little boy singing in the street. The catcher in the Rye can be described in Holden’s perspective as a person, almost like a hero that helps childrenRead MoreTheme Of Symbolism In Catcher In The Rye1080 Words   |  5 Pages10 Hour 2 6 December 2017 The Catcher in the Rye: Prompt 3 In the novel, Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger uses a variety of symbols to support the thematic idea that maturation and the loss of innocence are an inescapable rite of passage for all of humanity. Three significant symbols that signify the importance of alteration and losing one’s purity to become more suited to live in the real world are the ducks in the lagoon of Central Park, the â€Å"Catcher in the Rye†, and the carousel and the goldRead MoreHow Salinger’s Holden Caulfield Relates to Teenagers Throughout Time1412 Words   |  6 PagesSalinger’s Holden Caulfield Relates to Teenagers Throughout Time In 1951, J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye was #1 on the New York Time’s bestseller list. Since then, the American Literary Association claims The Catcher in the Rye is a â€Å"favorite of censors.† The use of harsh language and profanity has been a long time debate of educators causing the novel to be pulled off bookshelves and propelling J.D. Salinger and his protagonist, Holden Caulfield, into reluctant fame. The translationRead MoreCatcher in the Rye4413 Words   |  18 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye â€Å"Is The Catcher in the Rye, as a work of literature still relevant for today’s youth?† Name: Sara Sigurdson Course: English A1 Supervisor: Mr. Peter Steadman Word count: 3851 Candidate number: 00136022 Table of Contents Content Page Number Abstract 3 Introduction 4 The Actual Catcher in the Rye 4 The Sexual Matter 5 The Caulfield Family 6 Narrator and Protagonist 8 Role Model 9 Mr. Antolini 10 Targeted Audience 10 Guidance 12 Read MoreSymbolism In Catcher In The Rye841 Words   |  4 Pagesthe real world Oh I... I want to go back to Believing in everything and knowing nothing at all† ( Evanescence) This rings true to everyone who hears it because there is beauty in the simplicity of a child’s life. Even when transitioning from stages in life, the wanting to go back to the days of purity is an inevitable feeling. In The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger uses motifs, symbols, and extended metaphors to convey the theme that innocence can not be prevented. Saliger uses motifs which allowsRead MoreThe Catcher In The Rye Analysis1657 Words   |  7 Pagesinevitably confront the daunting face of adulthood. In J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, Salinger depicts the disheartening journey from adolescence to adulthood that Holden Caulfield endures. Although holden seeks the freedoms that mark adulthood, he has yet to take up the role of a truly mature citizen as the society conforming nature of those adults disgust him, leading him to his gradual mental decline. J. D. Salinger uses the immature character of Holden Caulfield as a means of revealing

Essay on Class in Australia Today - 1059 Words

Is class still relevant in Australia? To facilitate this question, the readings of Karl Marx, Fredrick Engels, Max Weber, Helen Marshall, R.W. Connell and T.H. Irving will be considered. Connell Irving (1992) identify ‘class structure’ in Australia with the ‘ruling class’ owning property/business, and the ‘working class’ in the way of labourers whom ‘act together in resistance to the capitalists’. This is relevant today in Australia with the privileged having majority of the power and wealth. Moreover, exploitation of the ‘working class’ continue to maintain less power within the workplace less wealth. Connell Irving offer an uncomplicated view of class structure, (1992: p 40): ‘Class’ at least is a term with a definite,†¦show more content†¦It shows that the bottom half of income earners receive less and the top half more of the income distribution. However, Marshall hypothesises that people can move between the classes with hard work and the right mindset. Marx (1959) divides class structure into three categories, these being the ‘worker, the capitalist and the rentier’. With each category living in similar milieu; sending their children to similar schools, they are therefore taking ownership of their class; therefore, Marx suggests movement between classes is difficult. Marx (1959: p16). Fredrick Engels (1950) gives an example of the labourer’s exploitation with the worker selling their labour power for wages and the capitalist exploiting it, therefore undoubtedly dividing classes. Cited in Engels, (1950: p13): †¦ [H]er ability to create three times the amount of money at which her labour is valued in terms of a wage. She has repaid the cost of her production in less than 3 hours and yet works another 5 or more hours for her employer –for which she is paid nothing. Explain Weber dividesShow MoreRelatedEffect of Gold Rush on the Social, Political and Cultural Development of Australia781 Words   |  4 PagesWhat effect if any, did the gold rush have on the social, political and cultural development of Australia as a nation? The gold rush of the 1850’s had a major and lasting impact on Australia and changed it forever. Before gold was discovered Australia was a lawless prison colony. Less than fifty years after gold was discovered, Australia had been transformed into an independent country. The gold rush helped increase the population, which helped bring social, cultural development and democraticRead MoreThe Men of the Open Spaces - Focuses on the the Australian bush culture.869 Words   |  3 Pagesuses past views of popular culture that are still ubiquitous today, to construct a sense of national ideology. The text focuses on a very traditional concept of nationhood and constructs a stereotypical representation of Australian culture. This essay will explore this in relation to the discourses of gender, class and environment. The text focuses on a predominantly masculine discourse by stereotyping the traditional bush ethos of Australia, while excluding females and other ethnic groups. The textRead MoreA Fair Go, By Henry Lawson, And The Dispossessed1428 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish speech Australia. A country associated with the ideals of mateship, integrity and equality; a nation renowned for its people and characterised by the strong belief in ‘a fair go’. Australia’s history is one of a constant belief in the value of egalitarianism, amid changing levels of inequality. Many have said that this ideology is culturally ingrained in the Australian identity; however, the notion of Australia as a classless nation is a persistent myth of egalitarianism that must now beRead MoreAustralia s Indigenous People Of The World s Most Ancient Living Cultures1737 Words   |  7 PagesPeople who are not from Australia, may have never heard the word Indigenous or know the meaning behind it. If they have heard the word they might not know about Australia’s Indigenous people. Maybe when they think of Australia they automatically think of British convicts. Only the British convicts weren’t the first people to own the land in Australia, there come peopl e way before them and they are still fighting for their rights and land today. It is said that humans have been on this continentRead MoreThe Political System Used Within Australia852 Words   |  4 PagesThe political system used within Australia should be that of an aristocracy. This is superior to that of the democratic society we live. Today I shall be discussing what an aristocracy is and why it is superior to other political systems. Some issues being addressed are the values of equality, despite the classes within an aristocracy and the rights for the upper class or rulers of their society to be just and uphold the idea of society as a whole opposed to that of a democracy where individualsRead MoreAustralian Domestic Market: Australian Aviation Industry Essay1731 Words   |  7 Pagescompetition between Australias airlines the Qantas group and Virgin Australia Holdings Pty Ltd (VAH) (which will be further referred to in this document as Virgin Australia) in the form of loss which can be seen in the below figure. In recent years, the Australian Domestic market has been predominantly a duopoly style market with Qantas Group and Virgin Australia being the main competitors contributing to market share. Virgin Australia entered late after deregulation and offered the first real competitionRead MoreHow Jesus Helped the Lesser640 Words   |  3 Pagesunorthodox. Jesus helped many groups that were considered second class citizens, but the three main groups, were Women, Samaritans and Outcasts including Tax Collectors and the Poor. The working of Jesus with these groups was recorded in the Gospel of Luke. Jesus’ treatment of women was very unconventional. Jesus treated women with equality and respect. This was unusual because during the time of Jesus women were considered to be second-class citizens. Women were considered inferior to men, left to doRead MoreThe impacts of the Stolen Generation on Australian Life Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pagesremoval of these children really thought they were doing â€Å"the right thing†. The impact on Australian life today is still being felt as the Stolen Generation is seen as a recent event has it only ended in the early 1970s. Children that where taken away back then now cannot trace back their roots and therefore have no record of their family history or where they come from and is still causing problems today. The Stolen Generation is seen as a grave chapter in our countries history and in Aboriginal HistoryRead MoreImmigration of Vietnamese People to Australia1051 Words   |  4 Pages‘Push factors’ The immigration of Vietnamese people to Australia has been occurring for over 40 years in this period of time the reason for migration has changed with the times, but predominantly began with the conflict between North and South Vietnam. With the end of WW2 in 1945, many counties and regions had been greatly affected, including the Pacific, Asia and Europe. The rise of communism, beginning in Russia, and slowly spreading to China was soon adopted by the Northern portion of VietnamRead MoreAustrali A New Britannia987 Words   |  4 PagesAustralia is, and always has been an immigrant society. Without a continuous stream of immigration, our modern society would not be as urbanised, affluent and economically stable as it is today. Australia, once a British colony, was termed ‘a new Britannia’, as it was viewed as one of the most ‘British’ societies in the world outside of the UK. Since its conception and its obvious need for settlers, Australia has used delib erate and careful selection of its new potential citizens as a method of controlling

Risk and Return of Ethical Funds †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Risk and Return of Ethical Funds. Answer: Introduction: The conceptual theory of risk can be created by initially considering a solitary asset that is held under isolation. Accountants can make the use of the anticipated return to access the behaviours of the risk and employ the use of statistics to measure it. The accountant may have noticed that while the required return is apparent in the model of valuation the required return cannot be ignored for forecasting the parameters in equation but also the accountant must consider the discounted rate (McMillan 2013). It is important for accountant to understand that greater the risk, the larger is the return for investors that needs compensation for bearing the risk. Rate of return can be defined as something that an individual earns from investment stated in terms of the percentage. Therefore, the higher is the amount of risk the lower will certainty. For an accountant to maximize the price of the share they must understand the method of assessing the key determinants namely risk and return. Each financial decision represents some characteristics of risk and return (Mishra 2015). Because of this, the unique combination of these characteristics possess an impact on the share price. Risk can be observed as it is either associated to a single asset or related to portfolio in the form of collection or a group of asset. In the most basic sense for an accountant, risk represents a chance of financial loss. Assets that possess greater chances of loss are regarded to carry more risk than those with the lesser chances of loss (Eisfeldt, Lustig and Zhang 2016). In addition to this, for accountants the concept of risk is used interchangeably with improbability to refer to the inconsistency of the returns that is linked with a particular asset. The more amount of certainty is the return from the asset the less variability an asset possesses with lower amount of risk. There is certain risk that directly create an impact on the financial accountant and shareholders (Engen and Nylander 2015). Business risk and financial risk are regarded as more firm specific and hence they possess a greater interest to the financial managers. It is noteworthy for the accountant to understand that interest rate, liquidity; market risk is viewed as more shareholder-specific and possess greatest interest to the stockholders. The financial accountant are required to gain an understanding of the exchange rate, purchasing power and tax risk directly create an impact on both the firms and the shareholders. On the other hand, if the accountant is going to evaluate the risk based on the variability of the return, the accountant is required to be certain on the amount of return and the methods involved in measuring such return (Bodie 2013). The return is generally defined as the total amount of gain or loss that is experienced over the certain period. It is usually measured as the cash distributions during the period together with the changes in the value that is expressed in terms of the percentage for an investment value. The accountant are required to understand that investment returns tends to vary over the time over the different types of investments. The accountants by averaging the historical returns over a longer period, it becomes possible for them to disregard impact on the market and other types of risk (Xiaodong et al. 2014). This enables the financial decision maker to stress on the variances in return which is directly attributable to all types of investment. Accountant usually look forward to avoid risk by undertaking the strategy of risk aversion for a certain increase in risk in order to upsurge the return. The attitude is regarded as to comply with the owners for whom the firm is being managed. Managers are usually conservative instead of being aggressive at the time of accepting the risk. Consequently, a risk averse financial manager need higher return for greater risk. Accountant recalls that investment can be made in securities that represent either debt or equity and that the return was discount rate, which compared the present value of the future cash flows inflow originating from an investment to its current pri ce. In simpler terms, an individual can understand regarding the return that is associated with an investment as the rate of interest, which the current valuing procedure represents much like the interest rate on the bank account. In effect, the rate of return helps in linking all the future investment cash flow under a neat bundle that can be later compared with the return on other investments (Penman 2016). Additionally, earnings and its covariance with market wide earnings is largely dependent on the methods involved in accounting for earnings. A covariance amid the market earnings and economy wide market-to-market earnings might be different from that of the historical cost accounting. For an accountant, accounting under uncertainty creates growth such that growth represents an indication of risk. According to (Kim and Zhang 2016) it is most often assumed that investment distribution of returns follows the path of normal distribution. This is regarded as the convenient assumption since a normal distribution can be entirely described by its anticipated value and standard deviation. Therefore, for an accountant it becomes vital to understand that returns can be completely described by its anticipated return and risk by assuming that returns follow the path of normal probability distribution. Conclusion: As evident from the above essay, an assertion can be bought forward that an organization risk and anticipated return directly creates an impact on the share price. Risk and returns forms the two important determinants of the organizations value. It is necessary for an accountant to shoulder the responsibility of assessing carefully the risk and return concerning all the major decisions so that it can ascertain that the anticipated returns justify the level of risk that is being introduced. The accountant can contribute to the goal of rising share price by taking appropriate actions for return to commensurate with risk. Reference List: Bodie, Z., 2013.Investments. McGraw-Hill. Eisfeldt, A.L., Lustig, H.N. and Zhang, L., 2016. Risk and Return in Segmented Markets with Expertise. Engen, E.A. and Nylander, E., 2015.Risk and Return of Ethical Funds: The Case of UN PRI(Master's thesis, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences). Kim, J.B. and Zhang, L., 2016. Accounting conservatism and stock price crash risk: Firm?level evidence.Contemporary Accounting Research,33(1), pp.412-441. McMillan, D.G., 2013. Risk and Return.J Bus Fin Aff,2, p.e130. Mishra, C.S., 2015. Risk and Return. InGetting Funded(pp. 193-218). Palgrave Macmillan US. Penman, S., 2016. Valuation: accounting for risk and the expected return.Abacus,52(1), pp.106-130. Xiaodong, L.I., Fan, Y.A.N.G. and Ruiwen, Z., 2014. Determinants of corporate risk taking and risk-return relationship.Canadian Social Science,10(2), p.24.

Business Communication of Logical Solution Company †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Business Communication of Logical Solution Company . Answer: Introduction In the globalized scenario organizations are appreciating differences among the individuals as if diversity within the workforce is managed correctly then it might benefit the organization in increasing their value(Zulu Parumasur 2009). The present report focuses on considering the scenario of Logical Solution Company that engages in providing systems integrating services to corporate as well as governmental organization. The report will also include the insight information regarding diversity policy and their significance within the organization. Effective communication within Logical solutions Communication plays most significant role in the organization as it is required in order to share information and ideas in effective manner. Further, logical solutions are indulged into the practice of delivering information technology services to its clients. The company has hired diversified workforce where people from different background are working together in terms of culture, religion etc. So, there is a need to develop effective diversity policy so that all the employees from different areas can work with each other efficiently and through this overall performance of the business can be well maintained easily(Saxena 2014). Around 40% of men and 60% of the women are working in the enterprise and they lies under the age group of 18 to 60 years. Further, it is a well known fact that expectation of each and every employee differs from each other from the management. Proper communication channels have to be adopted so that employees from different background can efficiently work w ith each other. The most important aspect is to keep the communication lines within the workplace andmanagement has to ensure that communication flow from top to bottom and vice versa efficiently. This will surely assist a lot in enhancing motivation level of the workplace and they can take part in the major affairs of the enterprise. Company can easily select one common language such as English in which all the employees can communication with each other. Further, it is a well known fact that one common language is necessarily required within the workplace so that staff members can efficiently communicate with each other and this leads to efficient production(Burke Ng 2006). So, the best way to communicate within Logical solutions is to select one common language and platform like email through which individuals within the workplace can efficiently within the company and this can surely develop motivational environment in the company. Through this it will become possible for the enterprise to deal with the issue that are associated with the diversity and in turn organization can gain competitive edge over its rivalry. No doubt communication is regarded as the complex process but it is necessary for the sender to ensure that no complex terms are used in the message so that receiver is not able to understand the same(Chrobot-Mason Aramovich 2013). Therefore, designing the message in proper manner and sharing it with effective medium can allow Logical solution to carry out the communication process in proper manner. The process gets completed with the feedback provided by the receiver. In the present marketplace, diversity is considered as a crucial aspect that assists in organization to interact with different culture individuals. Therefore, diversity at the workplace support Logical Solution in increasing their productivity, increasing creativity With the help of considering the case scenario of Logical Solution an information technology company it has been assessed that it deals in providing various hardware and software services to different companies. The company also focuses on employing large number of people from different social and racial groups. About 60% of individual within the company was from household where English was not only language that is spoken by them. The company indulge in implementing diversity policy within their premises Thus; in future it might results in arising issues and problems related with diversity(Thomas Plaut 2008). The case scenario also states that workforce within the organization speaks different languages apart from English that might act as barrier within the communication processes. Therefore, it is required by themanagement to focus on effective communication process within the organization so that household individuals may easily communicate with their staff and senior level personnel. Along with this, there are different elements include within the processes such as sender, message, receiver and feedback. Diversity policy Within the increasing globalization, present work setting has become varied as people from different cultures, religions and backgrounds are selected within the organization. As they assist the individual in performing their activities with diverse skills, knowledge and expertise. Different background and social groups individuals have their own ideas, perceptions and outlook that are totally different from another understanding(Gebert et al. 2014). To accomplish something in a multicultural society, it is required by an organization to value the differences among its workforce, value the individualism of all employees as well as preserve a climate in which everybody is treated with their proper self-respect. In the business today everyone desires to better understand other cultures, gender groups, and lifestyle groups so that diversified employees collaboratively perform services within the organization. Therefore, all the things are possible with an effective communication as well as implementing Diversity Policy within the cited firm so as to perform activities in ethical and proper manner. In the present context diversity is consider as important asset to the organization and it is directly connected with their economic performances(Guillaume et al. 2017). With the diverse workforce in the organization owner of Logical Solution has engage in devising diversity policy as there are different workforce which are associated with racial and different social groups. The diversity policy within Logical Solution mainly implement following activities within the workplace- Respecting diversity at workplace- The diversity policy states that Logical Solution adhere principle regarding respecting differences among the people those who are working in the organization. This principle within the diversity policy results in treating people uniformly, based on their characteristic and how they do perform their job. Along with this, respecting diversity also ensures recognizing and valuing the differences between people(Sims 2007). As within the Logical Solution there are different racial background and social group workforce rendering services therefore, it is required by manager to respect each and every individual within the workplace. Open Communication- Another principle that must be implemented within the Diversity Policy of Logical Solution includes open communication at all level. With the help of open communication network employees or workers may easily communicate with each other despite of language barrier(Sangwan 2016). Along with this, human resources can also experience increase in their morale, productivity and level of commitment if they are capable toconverse up and down in thecommunicationchain within the organization. Equal Employment opportunity policy- Another principle within Diversity Policy is related with Equal Employment opportunity policy that basically eliminates all the types of unlawful discrimination occurring within the organization, unlawful harassment etc(Harvey Allard 2015). Advantages and disadvantages of diversity policy At present there is no such diversity policy implemented within the workplace due to which logical solution will face various challenges in near future and to maintain the overall performance company needs effective diversity policy(Patrick Kumar 2012). The main priority that has to be given on the communication area where one common language has to be selected which is understandable by all the staff members within the workplace. At present English is not the common language which is spoken by all and this can act as the major communication barrier at the time of sharing ideas and information. The key advantage of having effective diversity policy is that it leads to effective management of workforce. It has been identified that company with proper diversity policy can easily understand need and requirement of its workforce and corrective measures are taken so as to satisfy the same(Weller 2006). No doubt need of every employee differs from each other and due to this reason diversity policy can contribute a lot in managing workforce with different needs. In short, it can allow in accomplishing the main goals associated with the business and in turn internal challenges can be tackled easily that are faced while conducting operations in the market. Company is required to set goals in relation with managing diversified workforce so that employees can know their real importance within the workplace. No doubt managing diversified workforce is not at all easy for the company and it requires development of effective strategies that manages long term performance of the organizatio n in every possible manner(Kapadia 2015). Another advantage associated with diversity policy within the workplace is that it supports in dealing with the issue of workforce shortage in logical solution along with this innovation and creativity within the company can be easily carried out where logical solution can easily develop new type of IT products and same can be offered to the target market. Another benefit is that it builds corporate reputation in the market and standing in the local community where all the customers view company positively and this positively influences the business performance. The organization is able to hire new employees and access to new labor pool is present where proper diversity policies are present within the workplace. So, these are the main benefits associated with having proper diversity policy in the company(Scroggins Benson 2010). On the other hand having diversity policy within the workplace has some disadvantage that logical solution has to be consider so that its overall performance may not be influenced due to this. It has been found that discriminatory attitude and behavior are the main issue that is being faced by the businesses(Kreitz 2008). Sometime employees perceive that company does not focus on their actual needs and the challenge of lack of understanding acts as hurdle within the workplace. Difficulty to communicate with the employees can be one of the main disadvantages of diversity policy where management has to face issue in communication common goal of company with its employees. Exposure to different opinion is the disadvantage where the diversity policy encourages diversified suggestion and opinion which can sometime create distraction and conflict within the company(Kreitz 2008). Diversified policy can also result in creating obstacles in the process of recruitment and selection. It is very complicated to determine common eligibility and competencies while carrying out recruitment of the diversified pool of candidate. So, these are some of the key disadvantages associated with having diversity policy within the workplace and it is necessary for Logical solution to consider all these cons of the policy(Meyers Vallas 2016). Whether diversity policy should be adopted and form it would take Through reviewing the case scenario there are large numbers of employees from different racial and social grouping that might lead to arise issue within the workplace. Therefore, it is required by Logical Solution to adopt diversity policy within their environment so that they can easily overcome the issues and problem associated with discrimination. With the help of adopting diversity policy the whole working environment become much better where productivity is heightened and it naturally increase in business success(Bond Haynes 2014). Apart from this, implementing diversity policy ensues taking equality initiatives that generate a real sense of consideration and respecting individual right all the way throughout in organization. Thus, it often engenders a much enhanced, pleasant and productive operational ambiance for each and every worker. However, adopting diversity policy would also engage in having positive form of action on the organization as it support them in overcoming issues related with unlawful discrimination on the basis of race and social groups. Apart from this, it also enhances the communication process among the cited firm as majority of people ate from household and prefer English with other languages. Conclusion From the above report it can be summarizes that diversity in the present context is defined as key valuable aspect within the workplace that enforce and promote equal opportunity to all the workers within an organization. Apart from this report also focuses on gaining insight information regarding diversity policy and frames the same for the organization in order to avoid discrimination. References Bond, MA Haynes, MC 2014, 'Workplace diversity: A socialecological framework and policy implications', Social Issues and Policy Review, vol 8, no. 1, pp. 167-201. Burke, RJ Ng, E 2006, 'The changing nature of work and organizations: Implications for human resource management', Human Resource Management Review, vol 16, no. 2, pp. 86-94. Chrobot-Mason, D Aramovich, NP 2013, 'The psychological benefits of creating an affirming climate for workplace diversity', Group Organization Management, vol 38, no. 6, pp. 659-689. Gebert, D, Boerner, S, Kearney, E, King Jr, JE, Zhang, K Song, LJ 2014, 'Expressing religious identities in the workplace: Analyzing a neglected diversity dimension', human relations, vol 67, no. 5, pp. 543-563. Guillaume, YR, Dawson, J,F, Otaye?Ebede, L, Woods, SA West, M,A 2017, 'Harnessing demographic differences in organizations: What moderates the effects of workplace diversity?', Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol 38, no. 2, pp. 276-303. Harvey, CP Allard, M 2015, 'Understanding and managing diversity: Readings, cases, and exercises', Pearson, London united Kingdom. Kapadia, KD 2015, 'Study on Generational Diversity at Workplace and Mitigating the Conflicts Arising on Account of Generational Differences Amongst them', International Journal of Management Behavioural Sciences (IJMBS), vol 6, p. 76. Kreitz, PA 2008, 'Best practices for managing organizational diversity', The Journal of Academic Librarianship, vol 34, no. 2, pp. 101-120. Meyers, JS Vallas, SP 2016, 'Diversity Regimes in Worker Cooperatives: Workplace Inequality under Conditions of Worker Control', The Sociological Quarterly, vol 57, no. 1, pp. 98-126. Patrick, HA Kumar, VR 2012, 'Managing workplace diversity: Issues and challenges', Sage Open, vol 2, no. 2, pp. 22-25. Sangwan, S 2016, 'Strategies for workplace diversity management: Review and scope', Strategies, vol 2, no. 8, pp. 10-15. Saxena, A 2014, 'Workforce diversity: A key to improve productivity', Procedia Economics and Finance, vol 11, pp. 76-85. Scroggins, WA Benson, PG 2010, 'International human resource management: diversity, issues and challenges', Personnel Review, vol 39, no. 4, pp. 409-413. Sims, RR 2007, 'Human resource management: Contemporary issues, challenges and opportunities', IAP, Charlotte, North Carolina. Thomas, KM Plaut, VC 2008, 'The many faces of diversity resistance in the workplace', Diversity resistance in organizations, vol 4, no. 1, pp. 1-22. Weller, A 2006, Companies and workers benefit from diversity policies, viewed 30 September 2017, https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/eurwork/articles/companies-and-workers-benefit-from-diversity-policies. Zulu, PS Parumasur, SB 2009, 'Employee perceptions of the management of cultural diversity and workplace transformation', SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, vol 35, no. 1, pp. 49-57.

International Seminar on Macroeconomics

Questions: 1. Rationale aspects of plan that is taken up by the manager of a low calorie frozen microwaveable food company in the verge of rising prices for changes in price less elasticity?2. Examine the major effects that government policies have on production and employment. Predict the potential affect of government policies on the company?3. Need for government regulation for fairness in the low calorie, frozen microwavable food industry and supporting reasons?4. Two examples on government involvement in the market economy for supporting reference?5. The major complexity that emerges under expansion of capital projects and key actions taken up by the company to address the complexities?6. Ways company uses for creating convergence of interest between the stockholder and managers and supporting examples related to it? Answers: Introduction In this assignment, the importance of the government policies, complexities that arise from the expansion through capital projects and convergence of the stockholders and managers interests have been analyzed (Abel, Bernanke Croushore, 2011). The pricing strategy is important for the low calorie frozen microwaveable food company. The company faces a tough competition in the market, as there are many competitors in the market. The customers would be moving to that product which is cheaper. The difference that was noticed between the investors and managers is that one is interested in profit while the latter is interested in income. 1. Rationale aspects of plan that is taken up by the manager of a low calorie frozen microwaveable food company in the verge of rising prices for changes in price less elasticity An immense craze for healthy food options or low calorie food concept has gained an interest among all the individuals in the recent times. The healthier options are now available in schools and restaurants. There is increasing number of people who want to stay healthy and enjoy healthier life style. The paper will outline the plan that is taken by the manager like examining the major effects that the government has on employment and production, determination of whether the regulation by the government ensures fairness, examining of major complexities, which is under the expansion like the capital projects and convergence of managers and interest of managers and the stakeholders. The main aim of the company is to make the quoted price of the product as much as inelastic as possible. The strategy in which the prices are charged should have no impact on the way that is perceived by the consumers and the way they purchase the products (Abel, Bernanke Croushore, 2014). The demand of thi s type is only seen in circumstances in which the services and goods are indispensible and the consumers cannot sustain without the product. However, this aspect is not noticed for the food products that are microwavable. The demand for such products depends upon the price of the product, substitute, advertisement and income. The market that is suited for low calorie microwavable food items is monopolistically competitive (Blanchard, 2011). There is product differentiation followed. The different prices by the firms will lead to moving of consumers towards lower price of products. The first order condition for profit maximization is fulfilled i.e. MR=MC. As per the elasticity, that was stated in the assignments before it can be seen that the demand for the manufactured low calorie goods is not elastic in nature. To maintain the product as inelastic feasible, the firm has the attempt to segregate the products from the other products of the firms (Blanchard Johnson, 2013). The dissimilarity in the product will help the firm to sell more products. There is a vigorous product differentiation to make profit. 2. Examine the major effects that government policies have on production and employment. Predict the potential affect of government policies on the company. Government involvement in the market economy Many people hold a belief that the regime should be able to regulate the market. There are mainly two forms of market i.e. regulated or unregulated form of market. There should be some extent of intervention or regulation regime. Thus, regulation by the government is very important (Dornbusch, Fischer Startz, 2014). There are opinions that suggest denouncing government as it is waste or pointless. Apart from that, the government can perform better than that of the private sector. Handling of the externalities, provision of public goods (like the public roads, national defence), providing medium of exchange and enforcement of the contracts are the things that make the government a better performer than the private individuals. The main reason for this is that the government works for the people. A lot of discussion can be made so that a limit can be drawn for the government and the specific things that are to be there within their limits. The argument is that it is better off with no government or short sightedness that the government is in charge of all the economic activities (Frankel Pissarides, 2012). The two main reasons for the involvement of the government is the establishing of the exchange rules in the market and using that power to enforce. This would help in reducing the uncertainty of the people who are unfortunate. These people are deprived in the form of poor health, job losses and bad luck. In the market economy, there are many opportunities but there is also presence of risk. The government policies are designed in such a way that it increases the employment of the economy. It will be providing unemployment benefits like quality training to the workers so that the unemployment level improves (Giavazzi West, 2012). The company will be benefitted from the government policies through the tax reduction, the public goods like roads and defence. These features will help in providing a conducive environment for the company. 3. Need for government regulation for fairness in the low calorie,frozen microwavable food industry and supporting reasons Main aims for intervention of the government is basically for use of the public and the private goods. The individuals they cannot judge their own interest and are not able to figure out its benefit. The government must be able to fund things that serve the best for the entire society. The intervention of the government in the market is required as without this the market would be inefficient (Gottfries, 2012). There is a high possibility of monopoly and merger in the market economy as this creates an opportunity for exploitation of the customers through the substandard goods and high prices. The role of the government in this particular situation is to oversee the control and the mergers in the market so that the monopoly growth in the market is restricted (Hubbard, Garnett, Lewis O'Brien, 2012). The main aspect of the market economy is to achieve the optimal capacity in production but this is not fulfilled due to the existence of monopoly. 4. Two examples on government involvement in the market economy for supporting reference The first example in this case is the intervention of the government when there are too much negative externalities that are created by the firms like producing of smog from the manufacturing plants that causes some harmful effect. If this externality does not produce any type of harm to the producer then the action is going to continue, as there will be no risk of consequence (Hubbard O'Brien, 2013). The Chinese economy has witnessed such thick smog that it made the citizens to wear masks and reduced their outdoor goods activity. The majority of the goods were headed to the United States who environmental laws are much stricter. The other example for this case is the involvement of the government to regulate the banking structure and the natural monopolies. The United States government is enforcing the laws so the rights of the average Americans are protected from the harmful business practices (Hubbard, O'Brien Sharma, 2012). The government used these rights for prosecuting Dennis Kozloski after he looted Tyco for an amount of 600 million dollars. 5. The major complexity that emerges under expansion of capital projects and key actions taken up by the company to address the complexities Before the company thinks of expansion and mergers regarding its operation, it will have to make reasonable steps regarding the decision making of the budget. The main reason for a merger by the company is to make sure risk; cost and the benefits of the investment are analyzed (Jones, 2012). The challenge faced to raise capital to get the perfect source for it. This will cause emergence of a struggle between the shareholders and company managers. The easy way for the manager to raise the capital would be the shareholders reserves. The raising of the capital is a very difficult task that has to be undertaken. There is an evaluation of many things that is needed. The requirements are cost of capital, the ease at which the capital can be obtained and expected return that is possible from capital (Williamson, 2014). The company can think of mergers so that there is share of technology and resources, which would help in generating higher profit levels (Krugman Wells, 2013). The resources, financial commitments are strengthened and losses are minimized. The merger would be a viable option for the company rather than self-expansion through the capital projects. 6. Ways company uses for creating convergence of interest between the stockholder and managers and supporting examples related to it There are mainly three forces that together help in creating a convergence of interest of the managers and the stockholders. This would include the decision making of the managers, directors, organizational integration and financial commitment. The managers are able to control the interest over the affairs of the company (Mankiw, 2012). There is limited control of the stockholders over the managers action despite being the owner. The conflict between the two occurs when the parties seek for maximizing individual benefit. The stockholder helps in maximizing the individual profit. The stockholders are eager is maximizing profit while managers seek for high level of profits. The managers are also against mergers, as this would affect job security (Mankiw Taylor, 2012). The earnings of the managers need to be pegged so that higher profit will be raised. This would be help in guaranteeing the interest of the shareholders as this would help in increasing dividends (Rossana, 2011). Economic growth was envisioned by the private and public enterprises but the growth was slowed down as the unethical leader was who were interested in satisfying their personal needs instead satisfying the employees and the customers needs (McTaggart, Findlay Parkin, 2012). The commitment financially requires manager to have internal knowledge about the revenues and the outside finances. The stockholders will not be in a problem whether to believe in financial statement of the organization or not (Parkin, 2012). The Securities and Exchange Commission requires the organization provides continuing information on the financial position. There is a need for quarterly, half-yearly and annual basis so those shareholders are better. Conclusion There is need for a strong involvement of the government in the market economy. The advantages in this perspective are many. The government intervention will help the economy to avail the public goods that will help the economy to gain positive effects. An organization when it considers expansion through the capital project is like lose while it gains from the mergers. There are forces that help in converge of the interest of managers and the shareholders in the organization. Reference List Abel, A., Bernanke, B., Croushore, D. (2011).Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Abel, A., Bernanke, B., Croushore, D. (2014).Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Blanchard, O. (2011).Macroeconomics. Boston, Mass.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Blanchard, O., Johnson, D. (2013).Macroeconomics. Boston (Mass.): Pearson. Dornbusch, R., Fischer, S., Startz, R. (2014).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Frankel, J., Pissarides, C. (2012).NBER International Seminar on Macroeconomics 2011. Chicago, Ill.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Hubbard, R., O'Brien, A. (2013).Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Hubbard, R., O'Brien, A., Sharma, A. (2012).Macroeconomics. Harlow: Pearson. Jones, C.Macroeconomics. Krugman, P., Wells, R. (2013).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Mankiw, N. (2012).Macroeconomics. New York: Worth. McTaggart, D., Findlay, C., Parkin, M. (2012).Macroeconomics. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson. Rossana, R. (2011).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Routledge. Williamson, S. (2014).Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson.

Nineteen Eighty Four Essay Example For Students

Nineteen Eighty Four Essay In Canada, we have the freedom to do almost anything. In the novel NineteenEighty Four, there is no freedom. Although there are no laws in Oceania, thereare consequences to doing thoughtcrime. The consequences are used not forpunishment but for the limitation of people who may perform a crime in thefuture. There are many differences in our society today and the society that ofNineteen Eighty Four. In our society today, we encourage thinking. Even inschools, children are taught to express themselves in any way possible. Storywriting, acting, or even art, there are a variety of ways to achieve that whilein Oceania, children are taught to spy on their parents to see if they arehaving thoughtcrimes. Thoughtcrime is a word in Newspeak that controls anyindividual thought. One cannot think on his or her own. He or she can only thinkwhat the government tells or allows him or her to think. If they are ever caughtwith thoughtcrime, he or she would be vapourized. Freedom of speech is limiteddue to the fact that thought can lead to the destruction of the government.Speech is also restricted due the Newspeak. Newspeak limits the words one canuse to eliminate thoughtcrime. Without words, one cannot fully expressthemselves. The people of Oceania do not have the freedom of expression like wedo. Without thought, there is no expressions of any kind, which makes him or hera goodthinker. A goodthinker is one that knows naturally, without thought, howto behave or act according to the government. In society today, there is freedomof expression everywhere. In magazines, on televisions, on people themselves andeven communication. People express themselves through their clothing, while inthe book, everyone wears the same thing. There is no freedom of expressionwhatsoever. In both magazines and television, people express their opinion allthe time with no fear of being vapourized or the fear of the consequences thecommunity of Oceania has to face. Today, people will protest against thegovernment for what they believe in. For example, teachers protested Bill 160 inthe streets against the government. There would never be public protests againstthe government in Oceania. History is important for one to know of what hashappened in the past and learn from it. We are able to learn history throughbooks, videos and even from people. History for the community of Oceania isconstantly changing. The workers of the Ministry of Truth, rewrites historywithout complaint. Records are changed to better suit the present. People are sonaive that they would believe anything the government says. For example, one daythey can be at war with Eurasia, and the next minute they are at war withEastasia. The people of Oceania, are not living with any human rights. Withoutfreedom, they are no better then a caged animal. There are just puppets that thegovernment controls. Everyone should be entitled to freedom in order to live ahappy and full life.

University Tuition Fees free essay sample

Some University Policy makers have viewed the increased college tuition fees as a means of dealing with the economic crisis of the early 2000s. The need for universities more resources have also increased. In addition, the facilities needed for technical courses such as engineering are necessary and the institution cannot offer such courses without proper facilities. To be able to finance such facilities, tuition fee must be increased. Education is expensive and is high time we started realizing the real price of education. Any person who is ready to get good education must be ready to pay for it. That is the truth. However, some also argue that it is not fair for the rate to be equal in all faculties. I agree that the students who major in technical courses should pay more tuition fees than the ones who major in other courses such as social sciences. When the institution locates funds to various faculties some get more than others because of their high budget. We will write a custom essay sample on University Tuition Fees or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Courses such as environmental are full of field works and trips. The university must find a good way of solving the discrepancy between the university revenue and expenditures. The colleges in most of the states charge a uniform tuition fee without considering the course difference and their requirements. We need to follow the good example of University of Phoenix that announced last year that they will not raise the University tuition fee. This was a decision reached in the effort to encourage and facilitate higher education for all persons irrespective of his age. According to Dr. Bill Pepicello, president, University of Phoenix, â€Å"For too long, rising tuition rates have presented an unacceptable barrier to higher education at colleges and universities throughout the country† (University of Phoenix). He acknowledged the step taken by the University to freeze tuition fee. He stated â€Å"Today, university of Phoenix is taking an important step towards making college a more affordable reality. No student of this university whether new or existing will pay increased tuition while earning a degree here, as long as they meet eligibility requirements and remain consistently enrolled. Its the right thing to do† (University of Phoenix). Most Adult students hate the criteria used to design how tuition fees are charged by the University. One could apply for a degree Bachelor of Biomedical science but was denied a chance. Later, they decide to take a course in social sciences. The problem arose when he was charged the same fee just like they charge people taking technical courses. This was not fair at all. Adult students do not enjoy using most of the facilities as much as the rest in some faculties. They only operate in lecture halls and library while some of colleagues use laboratory equipments, travel for field works and other practical activities that use a lot of money. It would be more preferable if the tuition fees were to be charged according to each course a student is taking, the facilities being used. Some would ask,† Are we paying for others to enjoy some facilities on our behalf? As an adult student, some special consideration should be given to us. We have children and we also take them to school. All that is money being spent but education is for all and therefore it should aim at accommodating all of us irrespective of age. I would be happy if the policy is implemented. Another group of adult students, however, feels that the costs of a product and in this case, education, may have a bearing on the quality of education being dispensed in an institution. Thus, they would not mind the cost of tuition fees being high. They too have children and as such, they have experienced the pain they have gone through in getting them education, even in lower levels and realize that it is the quality that actually matters. University Students on the other hand, argue that although the University tuition fee is relatively high in the Universities, the idea of charging the fee in relation to one course would not preferable. They view this as a discrimination of the highest order. The argument is that they have a different course interest, but university education if education regardless. It is individual interest that leads different students to do different courses at the end of the day. No course is superior to the other and no course without job opportunity after completion. So all of us should just be treated equally and the uniform tuition fee be charged. If one takes a technical course for instance and his colleague takes a social course. It is not anyone’s decision including the University administration to deny him the opportunity to use these facilities, but rather it is a course requirement. Those in the technical faculties also do not brag about the situation, and if anything they go under a lot of pressure from a lot of work. As they rightly should, students also differ on this subject. The major reason for this is that they also feel and empathize with their parents when their fee structure reads an item like laboratory equipment and field trips charges while they are taking a, say, business course, which confines them to the lecture rooms and library. The most a student should be made to pay for is sports equipment and library whether or not they use these facilities. This is because they should use them and they are not course specific. â€Å"High University tuition fee has denied my son an opportunity of higher education. The current fee does not promote education at all. University tuition should be reduced much lower to encourage learning. † These are the views of a parent who is vehemently opposed to the high fees. It is arguable that they not only affect children who have completed the secondary school but also those in primary schools as well. This is because a child who sees his elder sibling at home because of the unaffordable University fee feels discouraged from continuing with education at his level. It is the elder people who act as role model to young ones. Some parents are on the other side of the fence. Basically, some are okay with the prices for the same reason the adult students are, that is, the fees are reflective of the quality of education. However, some support the prices as to them it shows and separates the classes. The person taking engineering cannot be compared to the person taking another science, who, in turn, cannot be compared to someone taking a business course, then a social source, and so on. They required different qualifications to join the courses and the status must be maintained for the divide to be kept. Tuition increase cannot happen without any proper reason why it is happening. The question of whether to increase tuition fee or not should become last after every other thing that cause that increase to effect has been solved. As the administrator of Carolina University, the increased University fee that comprises of tuition, room, fees, board, supplies and books, travel, health insurance, and a personal expenditure allowance helps us manage the institution in a way that makes it meaningful to students. The tuition fee we charge helps in acquiring some important facilities and resources that enable us provide education of value. Tuition increase has also helped us pay the academic officials good salaries with this economic crisis. The idea of reducing the tuition fee at this particular time of economic problems is not logical and I do not think the University institution is to blame for this. However, some also argue that they take care of the needy students in the campus. There is acknowledgement of the fact that all students are not equal financially and therefore use part of this money to pay for the needy students a portion of their fee. They are sure to scrutinize the applications and use the set criteria in deciding on those who qualifies. It is every university’s commitment to provide quality education and that includes the needy people. If institutions decide to charge the fees in relation to courses people take in the campus, they would not be able to run their projects as required. The majority of people interested in technical faculties will feel discouraged. Doing that would mean that either the tuition fees for the technical courses are increased or reduce the tuition fees for the other courses which do not require more resources. However, some of them will be discouraged and feel discriminated. A few people will manage to take expensive courses while cheap ones are available. I therefore prefer a uniform rate of University tuition fee (Ehrenberg). It will not be economical enough for the universities to in any way attempt to reduce the University tuition fee without any help from the government. Considering the situation now, the economy of the country is weakened that extra funds from the government to boost Universities is no possible. It is the weakened economy that has forced the government to drastically cut off some higher education funding. This has led to most of the Universities to increase the tuition fee. However, the idea of inequality in terms of the tuition fee across different faculties will depend on how the University administration engages students to find the way forward. The solution lies with the Universities themselves and it is high time they realized that they should initiate economic projects that would help them adequately run the institution without putting the burden on students and relying on government (Ehrenberg). In conclusion, it is of no doubt that the increased University tuition fee has denied many people the right to high education. Although some universities have taken a bold and sympathetic step to stop the increase of fees and to help the needy students, most people are still locked out. The University management argues that there is a strong and relevant reason for the tuition fee increase. On the other hand, all students including adults find the current rate unaffordable with the bad economic situation. However, there is an antagonistic argument between the students in the technical facilities and those in social sciences. Social sciences students feel that the fee is not fair to them because they do not use as much university resources as compared to students in technical and science faculties. However, their colleagues feel otherwise. I therefore have a feeling that the University administrations should bring all parties together with the educational experts to find a better solution putting all factors into consideration.

Minimum Wage Essays - Labour Economics, Employment Compensation

Minimum Wage ?An increase now will boost income for the poorest workers without the danger of creating more unemployment.?, states the New York Times in September 1999. Is this statement about an increase in minimum wage really true? There are two sides to the debate about minimum wage that both hold valid points. The minimum wage is a major issue in the world of economics and politics. Political figures often prey on the public's general ignorance of economics and promise to increase the minimum wage. Economists ,on the other hand, view the long term effects and see the damage it can cause. David Card and Alan Kruegur, two economists at Princeton University conducted a study in April 1992 on New Jersey's 18% minimum wage increase while Pennsylvania's minimum wage remained the same. They measured the change in employment in the state's fast ? food restaurants between February and December that year. Card and Kruegur found that the number of jobs grew in restaurants where pay had to rise, compared with those already paying more than minimum was and compared with joints in neighboring Pennsylvania, where the minimum did not change. The study also found no difference between high- and low- wage states. Most people would be delighted to here the above. They would receive more money and their standard of living would increase. But most people do not take into account the negative side effects of increasing the minimum wage. The survey taken by Card and Kruegur was done over the telephone. Fellow economists charge that the questions were vague and errors crept into the numbers. Another study was done using the businesses payrolls found that New Jersey fared far worse than Pennsylvania. Positive effects of the minimum wage can be the obvious; more money for people. They would have more money to spend , the economy would boom and everyone would be happy. Not so; in fact, this would only encourage inflation and increase prices. Money become lesser in value and producers would have no choice but to raise prices in order to make profit. Another negative aspect of raising the minimum wage is unemployment rising. Supply of workers would exceed the demand for workers. Employers would only be able to hire a lesser number of workers. It may also influence teenagers to leave school for a high paying job and make it more difficult for teenagers looking for work to find jobs. Low skilled workers would be left without jobs, seeing as how it only make sense to hire the higher skilled worker verses the lower skilled worker. The minimum wage debate is a touchy issue among many economists and political figures. While there are some positives aspects, the negative far out away the positives.

Economic Overview of BRICS †Industry Analysis Essay Example

Economic Overview of BRICS – Industry Analysis Essay Example Economic Overview of BRICS – Industry Analysis Essay Economic Overview of BRICS – Industry Analysis Essay Economic Overview of BRICS – Industry Analysis Name: Course: Date: Economic Overview of BRICS – Industry Analysis Introduction One of the key industries in the growth of the global economy is the telecommunication industry that is growing at the fastest rate with advancement in technology. The total spending in the telecommunication technology is growing by 2.8%, which represents $1.84 trillion (Wansink, 2009). The whole world is now interconnected with telecommunication technology that comprises of telephones, mobile phones and internet linked to computers. Previously, the telecom industry was comprised of large national and regional companies owned by governments. The previous decade has seen a change in this where many organizations are privatized, and more players coming up to increase competition. This has also come with deregulations. Among the biggest growing countries that comprise of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, BRICS, telecommunication is the main contributor to growth. In each of the BRICS countries, there are key players, both local and multinational playing a crucial role in th eir development. Brazil The Brazilian telecom industry is expected to generate revenue of US$ 120 billion in 2012 (Wansink, 2009). Within its market, fixed line revenues continue to decrease while the mobile, internets and data, and pay television continue to gain prominence with their revenues growing rapidly. Just like the other BRICS countries, its growing economy and high population continue to fuel the growth. The spending power of Brazil is driving the growth, with more and more demand for telecommunication services. Additionally, the government has taken measures to reduce the cost of telecommunication services in order to push into the market. Additionally, with the expected growth of 3%-3.5% in 2012 and 4%-5% in 2013, growth within the telecommunication industry can be expected (Wansink, 2009). Some of the companies in Brazil include Telefonica Brasil, Sercomtel and Nextel Brasil. Telefonica Brasil is the second largest company in the Brazilian telecommunication industry. The company is currently focusing on an expansion of its network coverage and the increasing subscribers to its mobile broadband. To increase its mobile broadband revenues, it is expanding on 3G data network, and it is taking an advantage to take an early lead in the 4G network (Wansink, 2009). Sercomtel is yet another leading local telecommunication company in Brazil. It operates in voice services that include landline, mobile services and long distance telecommunication, as well as internet services through its broadband. Considering the stability of the market, Brazil is one of the best countries to invest in, since it might not be affected by the Euro recession. Russia The telecom market in Russia has been growing, in part due to liberalization in long-distance telecom and a new introduction of interconnection between operators (Russian-American Business, 2007). Some of the leading operators in Russia are VimpelCom, MegaFon and MTS. MegaFon is the second largest mobile operator and fourth largest telecom company in Russia. It operates in GSM and UMTS standards. As at June 2012, the company had a total of 62.1 million subscribers locally and another 1.6 million subscribers in other countries that include Osetia, Abkhazia and Tajikistan. The MTS is the largest mobile operator within Russia with more than 102.4 million subscribers at the end of 2009 (Russian-American Business, 2007). It is licensed to operate in 82 regions in Russia out of the total 83. It also serves other countries, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, and Belarus. It provides GSM services. It also operates around 3300 retails chains for mobile phones (Russian-American Business, 2007). It also has MTS branded mobile handsets. The other key player in the Russian telecom market is the VimpelCom, which is among the largest integrated telecom companies worldwide. It provides both voice and data services using a range of traditional fixed technology and mobile broadband. It provides services to its customers under the Beeline, Mobilink, and Telecel among others. As at June 2012, the company had 208 million subscribers (Russian-American Business, 2007). Competition in Russia is increasing rapidly with many companies that are established in its market considering it is the biggest country. The development and growth of the telecommunication market in Russia has been pushed by support from the government with expenditure on information and communication, as well as the growing economy that grew by 6.8% in 2006 (Russian-American Business, 2007). India India is yet another rapidly growing country with the largest growth of mobile phone users. Its rapid growing economy due to manufacturing is one of the main contributors as well as its enormous population providing ready market. Some of the telecommunication companies in India include Bharti Airtel Limited and Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited. Bharti Airtel Limited is commonly known as Airtel, operating in over 20 countries across south of Asia, Africa, as well as the Channel Islands. It currently ranks as the third largest mobile service provider company. Airtel provides voice services, data services including 2G, 3G and 4G internet services depending on the country (airtel.in, 2012). As at august 2012, the company had around 261 million subscribers within the 20 countries. Additionally, it provides television subscription in India and second largest in fixed telephone (Wansink, 2009). The other key player in the Indian telecommunication industry is the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, B SNL. It is a state owned company. It is the largest fixed telephony service provider in India and ranks fourth in mobile service provision. It also provides broadband service. The company has recently incurred losses due to stiff competition from other telecommunication industries. However, it remains as one of the largest and oldest providers of telecommunication. Competition within India is increasing steadily with the entrant of new companies in the telecommunication industry. Additionally, the vast population cannot be served by one telecommunication industry considering the high demands of telecommunication especially mobile services and internet since India is the biggest outsourcing country. Additionally, its growing economy is contributing to the development in this industry with the government reducing regulation and allowing more companies to enter the market. China A brief overview of the Chinese telecommunication industry shows that it is among the fastest growing industries. In 2010 to 2012, the industry revenues grew by 4.1%. Some of the key players in the telecommunication industry in China include China Mobile, China Unicom and China Telecom (Simon, 2011). The Chinese telecom industry is dominated by the three companies and highly controlled by the government. Initially, they were six, but then reduced to three. China mobile is the biggest among them all, taking a market share of 67.5% in 2006 (Simon, 2011). It has taken over from several other companies towards the end of the last century such as Fujian mobile, Henan mobile, and among others. Through these takeovers, it has grown to become the biggest digital mobile company in the world serving the largest number of customers (Simon, 2011). The other key player is the China Unicom that is a state owned telecom company. In 2008, the company had 125 million GSM subscribers and 43 million CDMA subscribers Chinaunicom.com. (2012). However, it moved its CDMA services to China telecom and Universal Mobile Telecommunication System that has launched recently in China. China Telecom is the third player in the Chinese telecommunication market that is entering other markets part from China such as Australia. It has 149 million subscribers including 3G subscribers (chinatelecom-h.com 2012). It was voted the best managed company in Asia in 2011 that was awarded by Euromoney, FinanceAsia and among most honored companies by Institutional Investor. Currently, the telecom industry in china is highly controlled by the state considering it has a company owned by the government. However, competition is deemed to increase soon from the government plans to enhance other entrants. South Africa South Africa is the largest and most developed economy in Africa. Telecommunication industry is the fastest growing industry in South Africa that is driven by growth in mobile telephony and broadband connection. The network in South Africa is 99.9% digital, serving as the most developed telecommunication technology in Africa (southafrica.info, 2012). In terms of fixed line telephony, the country ranked 34th and 26th in terms of subscriber number in mobile telephony. All telecommunication sectors, including undersea connectivity and broadband, are growing at a rapid rate (southafrica.info, 2012). Some of the telecommunication companies in South Africa include Vodacom and Neotel Vodacom is mobile telecommunication company in pan-Africa that was the first cellular network introduced in South Africa. The company provides GSM services to more than 35 million subscribers across South Africa, Lesotho, Tanzania, Mozambique and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Neotel is yet another competitive company in South Africa’s telecommunication industry. It was previously known as SNO telecommunications. It was unveiled in 2006 and becomes the first company to offer direct competition to the current companies at the time. It provides mobile telephony and data services. In South Africa, competition is only increasing considering there are few competitors. However, the few companies available are able to serve the demand of the country as it increases. An opportunity for more telecommunication companies exists (southafrica.info, 2012). In Flight Broadband Services As telecommunication technology and services continue advancing, provision of broadband services to customers in flights has also been increasing with companies such as Gogo Air increasing its presence internationally. Gogo Air has been prominent in United States and Canada. Recently, it has moved to other countries with the intention of increasing its services (gogoair.com, 2012). Its services are dependent on the potential of growth in both broadband and air transport services considering it targets those in flight. The company depends on the airline companies to provide its services. One of the ideal countries among the BRIC where in flight broadband services is attaining rapid growth is Brazil. With its approximate 30 airlines, both domestic and international, as well as a rapidly growing demand for broadband telecommunication services in general, there is a tremendous opportunity for in-flight broadband services. India also has a considerable number of airlines, but there is potential for growth. Additionally, its growing telecommunication market provides an exceptional opportunity for in flight broadband services. Gogo Air remains the key player in Brazil, with a recent expansion to United Airlines having fitted its broadband in their airplanes. Other companies that offer competition include Row 44 that provides its services in the Transaero airlines (Sharkey, 2012). With a growth in the telecommunication industry in Brazil, there is a massive opportunity for growth of in flight broadband services. Gogo Air provides its services to other BRIC countries as well. The company has established its services in India. It serves several airlines, both Indian and from other countries that land in the country. It is currently expanding its business to the available airlines. The demand for in-flight broadband services in India continues to increase as more and more continue to demand internet services. However, other competitors are also establishing in India such as the Row 44 and Lufthansa. Row 44 provides services to some of the international fight going in n out of India. In-flight broadband allows a company providing the service to offer it in several countries as long as it provides the service to the airlines flying to the particular country (Sharkey, 2012). Lufthansa, on the other hand, provides the same services, and currently is expanding its route such as between India and Germany. It has already started providing wi-fi broadband services for internet through laptops and soon will extend to mobile phone services such a text messages and emails a well by the end of the year (Economic Times. 2012). Gogo Air has recently entered a deal with Air China to provide in flight broadband services to their customers. Trials have already been done, and services are underway as of last year. This means that services have already commenced, and travelers can access internet services in flight from United States to china as well as between local cities in china. The major competitor in China for Gogo Air remains as Row 44 that is looking forward to start operating in China. Gogo Air is also operating in Russia, but just like the other BRIC countries is faced by competition from Row 44 that provides the same services in Russia as well. This service is growing and gaining prominence in Russia just as the other BRIC countries considering the growing demand for internet services in these countries. However, South Africa does not have any company established to provide in flight services. Conclusion With such an analysis, it is possible to rank the countries in terms of which would be best to enter. The attractiveness of each market can be assessed to find out the level of competition and requirements of entering each of the market. Each of the BRICS countries has a potential for further growth. Thus, entering each of these markets would yield profits. However, entering some of them like China could prove quite hard since the government has substantial control of this industry. The most favorable for entering business would be Brazil, due to its risk factor and a fact that it might not be adversely affected by the Euro economic crisis. In terms of in flight broadband services, Brazil has the best opportunity due to it number of airlines as well as several telecommunication companies both international and domestic. On the other hand, India has immense potential due to its continuing growth in telecommunication as well as airlines. China is also growing as well as Russia in the in-flight services. On the other hand, South Africa is yet to provide such technology. References Airtel.in. (2012). Bharti Airtel. Retrieved from airtel.in/wps/wcm/connect/about+bharti+airtel/Bharti+Airtel/About+bharti+airtel/ Chinatelecom-h.com. (2012). Key Performance Indicators. Retrieved from chinatelecom-h.com/eng/company/company_overview.htm Chinaunicom.com. (2012). Products and Services. Retrieved from chinaunicom.com.hk/en/products/products_mobile.html Economic Times. (2012). Lufthansa to provide wi-fi as paid in-flight service on select routes. Retrieved from http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-08/news/34322881_1_wi-fi-hotspot-lufthansa-ground-network Gogoair.com. (2012). An Exclusive In-Air Experience. Retrieved from gogoair.com/gogo/cms/inAirService.do Russian-American Business. (2007). Russia‘s Telecom industry. Retrieved from russianamericanbusiness.org/web_CURRENT/articles/178/1/Russia%26%2339%3Bs-Telecom-industry Simon, J. P. (2011). The ICT Landscape in BRICS Countries: Brazil, India, China. European Commission. Sharkey, J. (2012). Offering in flight broadband service. Retrieved from deccanherald.com/content/165480/offering-inflight-broadband-service.html Southafrica.info. (2012). South Africa’s telecommunications. Retrieved from southafrica.info/business/economy/infrastructure/telecoms.htm Wansink, K. (2009). Global – Industry – The Telecoms Markets in the Emerging BRIC Economies. Retrieved from budde.com.au/Research/Global-Industry-The-Telecoms-Markets-in-the-Emerging-BRIC-Economies.html